Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Higher Human Biology > Physiology & Health > Flashcards

Physiology & Health Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does sexual reproduction require?

A

The joining of two gametes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the male gametes in humans?

A

Sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the female gametes in humans?

A

Ovum/Ova

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are gametes made from?

A

Germline cells, they can differentiate to make sperm or ova.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are germline cells?

A

Cells that can differentiate to become sperm or ova.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

They produce sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct?

A

It carries sperm from the testes to the penis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland/seminal vesicles?

A

They secrete fluids which maintain the mobility and viability of sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Carries sperm out of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are sperm cells made from?

A

Germline cells, called sperm mother cells, in the seminiferous tubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are interstitial cells found?

A

In between the seminiferous tubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes puberty to begin?

A

The hypothalamus produces a releaser hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What effect does the releaser hormone have?

A

It acts on the pituitary gland and makes it release FSH and ICSH/LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does FSH do in males?

A

It promotes the production of sperm from germline cells in seminiferous tubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does ICSH/LH do in males?

A

It stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone which acts on the seminal vesicles to stimulate sperm production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Activates the prostate gland and seminal vesicles to produce their secretions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens if testosterone builds up to a high level?

A

Negative feedback takes place. It inhibits the production of the two pituitary gland hormones, FSH and ICSH/LH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effect does negative feedback have?

A

It ensures that hormone levels remain more or less constant.

19
Q

Why are males described as ‘continually fertile’?

A

They produce sperm from puberty onwards.

20
Q

What do the ovaries contain?

A

Immature ova which are surrounded by follicles.

21
Q

What is the function of follicles?

A

They protect the ovum and secrete oestrogen.

22
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When a mature ovum is released and it enters one of the oviducts.

23
Q

What does the follicle become after ovulation?

A

A corpus luteum.

24
Q

What is a corpus luteum?

A

Follicles become corpus luteums after ovulation, they produce progesterone.

25
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle take?

A

28 days.

26
Q

What is day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The first day of menstruation, the start of the period.

27
Q

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

The follicular phase and the luteal phase.

28
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A

The follicle develops around an ovum, starting with day 1 and finishing with day 14. FSH is released by the pituitary gland which stimulates the follicle to develop - Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Oestrogen is produced by the follicle. Oestrogen stimulates proliferation of the endometrium and thins the cervical mucus. Low levels of LH are produced until a surge of LH is caused by a peak in Oestrogen. This causes ovulation.

29
Q

What is FSH’s role in the follicular phase?

A

It stimulates the development of the follicle around the ovum.

30
Q

What is Oestrogen’s role in the follicular phase?

A

It is produced buy the follicle and stimulates proliferation of the endometrium, allowing for implantation of the embryo, and thins the cervical mucus, allowing sperm to pass through more easily.

31
Q

What is LH’s role in the follicular phase?

A

It is produced at low levels until a surge in Oestrogen causes a surge in LH, this causes ovulation.

32
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

The follicle develops into a corpus luteum which secretes progesterone. Progesterone promotes the vascularisation of the endometrium to prepare it for implantation of the blastocyst.

33
Q

What is progesterone’s role in the luteal phase?

A

It is secreted from the corpus luteum and it stimulates the vascularisation of the endometrium to prepare it for implantation of a blastocyst.

34
Q

What order do the female hormones peak in?

A

FSH, Oestrogen, LH, Progesterone.

FOLP

35
Q

When does FSH peak?

A

During menstruation, when the follicle is developing. Around days 2-4.

36
Q

When does Oestrogen peak?

A

Just before ovulation when proliferation of the endometrium is taking place. Around day 12.

37
Q

When does LH peak?

A

During ovulation. Around day 14.

38
Q

When does progesterone peak?

A

When the corpus luteum is disintegrating. Days 22-24.

39
Q

What happens if the ovum is fertilised?

A

It becomes a zygote. Mitosis takes place. It becomes a blastocyst after 4-5 days. It implants in the endometrium and forms a placenta.

40
Q

What happens if the ovum is not fertilised?

A

The corpus luteum starts to disintegrate. The levels of the two ovarian hormones start to fall and the endometrium fades away, the women has her period.

41
Q

What is the negative feedback effect in women?

A

The pituitary gland produces FSH which causes the follicle to develop. The follicle produces oestrogen and the oestrogen causes the pituitary to stop making FSH and LH.

42
Q

What happens once the corpus luteum disintegrates?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone levels fall and the pituitary starts making FSH again.

43
Q

What is cyclical fertility?

A

Females have cyclical fertility. They are only fertile for 2 days in every 28 day cycle when the ovum is in the oviduct.

Higher Human Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions