Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Final > Physiology Final > Flashcards

Physiology Final Flashcards

1
Q

The main job of the renal system is

A

regulation of osmolarity and water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

if a substance is neither reabsorbed nor secreted, then its excretion rate is equal to

A

the GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

GFR will increase when there is

A

decreased afferent arteriole resistance (PS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the diffusion of water across a tubule is driven by differences in _______________ across the membrane

A

osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An increase in fluid flow into the glomerulus will increase pressure and finally decrease filtration into bowmans space True or False

A

FALSE -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The most important ingredient for normal driving force in glomerular filtration is

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Renin secretion from the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus is dependent on

A

NaCL concentration in the distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Autoregulation of GFR is accomplished by

A

Low NaCl flow at the Macula Densa
Juxtaglomerlar Apparatus Feedback
Macula Densa regulation of renal blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Strong sympathetic stimulation of the afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus could stop fluid flow and thus decrease urine production - True or False?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False - Material that enters the Lumen of the renal tubules is excreted unless it is resorbed.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or False, Bradykinin is a protein secreted by damaged skin tissue which will cause vasoconstriction decreasing blood flow to the damaged area

A

False - Bradykinin causes vasodilation, and causes an increase in urine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Baroreceptors respond to

A

the changes in stretch of the blood vessel wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or false, the cardiovascular system usually has a sympathetic tone regulating blood pressure

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

inflammation (fluid and solute increase in the interstitium may be caused by)

A

1) increased capillary filtration
2) increased capillary permeability
3) histamine secretion by mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when a baroreceptor reflex is activated, what alters

A

heart rate
stroke volme
tpr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what humoral substance(s) control high blood pressure aound the cardiovascular network?

A

vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sympathetic response to a decrease in blood pressure (cardiac)

A

vasoconstriction of arteries and veins
increased acetylcholine release
increased heart rate and ventricular contaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Renin secretion from the Juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus is dependent on

A

NaCl concentrations in the distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Loss of glucose in the urine is an example of

A

glucose exchangers in the walls of the nephron being saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or False - water reabsorption is by simple diffusion in the proximal convoluted tubule and descending loop of henle; while water is not necessarily permeable to the walls of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts (permeable only if ADH secretion)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what part of the nephron reabsorbs the largest quantity of the glomerular filtrate?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

potassium concentration can be low during times of dehydration. What is one of the main reasons for this?

A

increased Na+/K+ pump activity in the walls of the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Disabling the Na+/K+ pump in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule will

A

Generate an increase in the amount of urine produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to sodium in the proximal tubule

A

Na+ remains the same because water and sodium are being resorbed equally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

True or False, in the ascending thick loop of henly, Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations decrease because either the ions are being pumped out of the tubule lumen (reabsorbed) and/or water is not permeable to the tubule wall.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens to glucose in the proximal tubule

A

It is reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the concentration of PAH in the thick loop of Henle is getting smaller because it is being reabsorbed from the nephron

A

FALSE - it is getting smaller because the water concentration is increasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In the model for quiet, relaxed breathing, the breathing rhythm is maintained by the

A

inspiratory neurons in the dorsal respiratory center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what factors affect hemoglobin affinity for O2

A

2,3 BPG, pH, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

surfactant secretion is vital for

A

reducing surface tension in the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the enzyme necessary to convert H20 and CO2 to H2CO2 is

A

carbonic anhydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

central chemoreceptors are neurons in the medulla that respond directly to

A

pH levels outside of the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the most plentiful gas in our atmosphere is

A

nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

true or false - the inspiratory neurons of the dorsal respiratory center stimulate motor neurons in the phrenic nerve, which stimulates contraction of the diaphragm

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

exercise will cause the hemoglobin dissociation curve to move to the right showing that affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is dropping and therefore more oxygen is free for the tissues to use
true or false

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

true or false - peripheral chemoreceptors associated with respiration are mainly sensitive to O2 partial pressures

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

hemoglobin disassociation curve moving to the left means

A

affinity for oxygen is increasing, less oxygen is free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

true or false - an artery is designed to allow exchange of materials with surrounding tissue

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how many microns across is the diameter of an arteriole?

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

how many microns across is the diameter of a capillary?

A

5-9 microns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

venous return is dependent on these three factors

A

one way valves
pumping action of the skeletal muscles
small amount muscle tone in veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

edema can be caused by these three factors

A

increase in ventral venous pressure
blood pooling in the venous system of the body
gravitational forces on the cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

arteriosclerosis is a disease that reduces the compliance (increases the resistance) of the arterial system. What type of pressure would increase?

A

systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

venous pressure in the legs is higher because of hydrostatic pressure due to gravity, true or false

A

true!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the most important vessels for reducing pressure of fluid going to the capillaries are

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

normal reabsorption and filtration within the capillaries are dependent on

A

changing hydrostatic pressures in the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

which component of the cardiovascular system holds the largest percentage of the total blood volume?

A

the venous sustem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

holding the hydrostatic pressure gradient constant and increasing the protein concentration within the interstitial space would do what to the outward movement of fluid?

A

enhance the outward movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

inhalation is an active or passive process?

A

active - contraction of the diaphragm creates negative space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

exhalation is an active or passive process?

A

passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what causes pneumonia?

A

buildup of fluids inside the thoracic cage creating too much surface tension on the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what does surfactant do?

A

keeps alveoli from overexpanding or collapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how does hemoglobin link to O2?

A

hemoglobin has four iron molecules, it wants to link to three oxygen. If it links to four it is saturated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

normal inspiration is controlled by

A

the dorsal respiratory group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

nasal passages responsible for

A

warming, humidifying, filtering the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

trachea and bronchii are responsible for

A

air passage and mucus removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

bronchioles are responsible for

A

transition and regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli are responsible for

A

gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Oxygen transport is dependent on

A

oxygen entering the lungs
blood flow
effective gas exchange
ability of the blood to carry oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

In hypoventilation

A

oxygen decreases, CO2 increases,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

in hyperventilation

A

oxygen increases, CO2 increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

How does 2,3 Biphosphoglycerate affect hemoglobin affinity?

A

2,3 BPG binds to hemoglobin, freeing oxygen for tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

which nerves signal the dorsal respiratory group

A

vagus and glossopharyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

how does the pneumotaxic center affect respiration?

A

a strong signal will shorten the respiratory cycle

a weak signal will lengthen the respiratory cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

how is the ventral respiratory group involved in breathing

A

can increase expiration according to respiratory drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what is the hering-breuer inflation reflex?

A

pulmonary stretch receptors in the bronchii and bronchioles due to large inspirations signal the pneumotaxic center through the vagus nerve - the PC limits inspiration, allowing expiration to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

lowered pH does what to respiration?

A

increases inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

the carotid body signals which cranial nerve?

A

glossopharyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

the aortic body chemoreceptor signals which cranial nerve?

A

vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

PO2 < 60mmHg signals which chemoreceptors?

A

peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Increased PCO2 signals which chemoreceptors?

A

central

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

how much of total blood volume is in the veins?

A

61%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

major differences in systemic pulmonary circulation are caused by

A

ventricular ejection and ventricular filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is the maximum pressure a capillary can stand?

A

40mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Diastolic pressure is a measure of

A

the minimum pressure in the arteries during ventricular filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

systolic pressure is a measure of

A

peak pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

korotokoff sounds

A

the sound of fluid entering arteries after being cut off, first sound is systolic, fourth sound is diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what is normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 or 125/85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

systolic - diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

how much blood loss can be tolerated?

A

up to 20% because of blood reservoirs in major organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

capillary walls are permeable to

A 
fatty acids and ions (diffusion) 
exchangeable proteins (transcytosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

from arterial end to venous end of the capillary, what happens to pressure?

A

it goes from +13mmHg to -7mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what causes the pressure to decrease in the capillary tubule?

A

water leaving the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

a high solute concentration in the capillary tubule will cause

A

water to move INTO the capillary network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what are the driving forces in the movement of fluid in the capillary bed?

A

water pressure in the capillary/interstitial hydrostatic pressure
or
colloidal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

water pressure in the capillary is opposed by

A

interstitial fluid pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

plasma colloidal osmotic pressure is

A

the solute concentration inside of the capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

plasma colloidal osmotic pressure is opposed by

A

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

colloidal pressure is

A

pressure exerted by impermeable solutes on either side of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

explain the vasodilation theory of local blood control with oxygen/carbon dioxide

A

as the metabolic rate increases, oxygen demand increases, which lowers oxygen concentration in the tissues and increased carbon dioxide, this CO2/O2 imbalance acts as a vasodilator on smooth muscle, which increases blood flow and reoxygenates the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

explain the oxygen demand theory

A

high blood pressure increases oxygen in tissue, acting as a vasoconstrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

what does endothelium derived relaxing factor do?

A

when blood flow is so high it is creating shear forces the shear forces stimulate nitric oxide release to reduce damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

how does adenosine factor in local blood control

A

high concentration of adenosine acts a vasodilator - adenosine cannot be bound to ATP without oxygen. Too little oxygen - lots of free adenosine

94
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

hormones, neurotransmitters, vasoconstrictors for arteries and veins

95
Q

angiotensin

A

vasoconstrictor for arterioles

96
Q

vasopressin

A

universal vasocontrictor

97
Q

antidiuretic hormne

A

universal vasoconstrictor

98
Q

bradykinin

A

arteriolar vasodilator, increases capillary permeability

99
Q

histamine

A

vasodilator released by mast cells

100
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system signal vasoconstriction?

A

by releasing norepinephrine and epinephrine onto alph-andregenic receptors

101
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system affect the body during exercise?

A

dilates capillaries, constricts veins, raises HR, SV, CO, and TPR, and BP, overal increases blood flow in dilated muscle and heart arteries

102
Q

how does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the body?

A

parasympathetic nervous system enervates the heart and slows it down

103
Q

which receptors respond to change in partial pressure of O2/CO2 and pH?

A

Carotid body and aortic body

104
Q

which receptors respond to changes in blood pressure?

A

pulmonary artery receptors, carotid sinus, aortic baroreceptors, atrial receptors

105
Q

cardio chemosensory receptors respond to low oxygen by

A

raising blood pressure

106
Q

True or False, blood pressure is controlled primarily by peripheral chemoreceptors

A

True

107
Q

BP less than 60 mmhg triggers

A

vasomotor center to cause a maximum increase in BP

108
Q

the main cause of ischemic heart disease is

A

atherosclerosis - a buildup of lipids in the arterial wall.

109
Q

what is a thrombus

A

blood clot in arterial wall - can break free and become embolus

110
Q

what are the causes of death in ischemic heart disease?

A

cardiac shock - weakened heart cannot pump
damming of venous blood - increased atrial pressure and edema
fibrillation of ventricles - caused by injury current
rupture of cardiac muscle - muscle gets thin, buildup of fluid between epimysium and perimysium

111
Q

cardiac failure effects - acute

A

decreased CO
damming of venous blood - increased atrial pressure
chest pains and fainting
sympathetic response activated - pressure continues to increase but output remains low

112
Q

cardiac failure effects - chronic

A

fluid retention
salt retention
angiotensin 2 increase
heart is weak, exercise can cause heart failure

113
Q

treatment of chronic heart failure

A

diuretics, digitalis

114
Q

afferent arteriolar constriction

A

lowers filtration

115
Q

efferent arteriolar constriction

A

increases filtration

116
Q

GFR increases with

A

increased glomerular blood flow
decreased afferent arteriolar resistance
increased efferent arteriolar resistance
sympathetic stimulation

117
Q

GFR is mediated by

A

tubuloglomerular feedback at the macula densa

118
Q

Low NaCl concentration at Macula Densa results in

A

lowered afferent arteriolar resistance

increased efferent arteriolar resistance

119
Q

Explain the path of renin-angiotensin aldosterone

A

juxtoglomerular cells secrete renin when blood volume is low. Renin cleaved angiotensinogen released by the liver into angiotensin. Angiotensin is converted into angiotensin 2 in the lungs. Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and also triggers the release of aldosterone which increases sodium reabsorption - increasing fluid in the body.

120
Q

Water and sodium transport in the nephron

A

Diffusion or osmosis

121
Q

Glucose and Amino Acid transport in the nephron

A

cotransport

122
Q

Hydrogen ion transport in the nephron

A

countertransport

123
Q

Filtration is equal to

A

plasma concentration times GFR

124
Q

Tell me about the proximal tubule

A

65% of filtration
Complex cells
Reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, water, ions, calcium
Secretion of Hydrogen Ions, organic acids and bases, many drugs
Isoosmotic

125
Q

Tell me about the thin loop of henle

A

10% of filtration
Water leaves lumen
Salt enters lumen
hyposomotic to interstitum

126
Q

Tell me about the thick loop of henle

A

Ions secreted
25% of filtraton
No aquaporins, no movement of water
Hypoosmotic

127
Q

Tell me about the distal convoluted tubule

A 
Permeable to water and ions
Hydrogen Ions and buffers
90% principal cells
10% intercalated cells to maintain acid/base balance
Ca++ reabsorption increased
128
Q

Low Ca++ in plasma causes parathyroid to secrete _______which causes ___________

A

Parathyroid Hormone
Increased Ca++ reabsorption from DCT
Increases Ca++ reabsorption from intenstine
Release of Ca++ from bones

129
Q

Body Acid-Base controls are located in

A

Late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

130
Q

How do tubule cells affect body pH?

A

Secrete more H+ if pH is too low, secrete less H+ if pH is too high

131
Q

Effects of metabolic Acidosis

A

depression of the CNS

Increased respiratory rate and depth

132
Q

Causes of metabolic Acidosis

A

•Diarrhea - excess loss of sodium bicarbonate
•Uremia - failure of kidney filtration of H+
•Diabetes Mellitus - excess production of glucose based acids
(acetoacetic acid)

133
Q

Effects of metabolic Alkalosis

A

overexcitability of CNC (Muscle tetany)

134
Q

Causes of metabolic Alkalosis

A

•Excessive Ingestion of Alkaline Drugs
•Excessive Vomiting (loss of Cl-)
•Excess Aldosterone (reabsorption of Na+, release of
H+)

135
Q

Renal Clearance - Filtered Substances

A

No secretion or reabsorption, Renal clearance rate is equal to GFR
Example - Inulin

136
Q

Renal Clearance - Secreted substanced

A

Have renal clearance greater that GFR

Example PAH

137
Q

Renal Clearance - Reabsorbed Substances

A

Have renal clearance less than GFR - ex: Glucose

138
Q

Excess fluid osmolarity is detected in the brain by

A

the anteroventral border of the third ventricle

139
Q

Increased extracellular fluid osmolarity will cause the hypothalamus to secrete ______________ which will induce ____________

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

Thirst

140
Q

ADH effects on the body

A

• Vasoconstriction
• Stimulate reabsorption of Water from the Distal
Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Ducts
• Binds to receptors on the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells.
• Initiates a second (intracellular) messenger
(cAMP)
• Cause the fusion of vesicles (containing pores) to
the luminal membrane.
• Water rushes from the lumen into the cell and into
the interstitium.

141
Q

Urination is controlled by

A

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, an Somatic Motor neuron activity

142
Q

Lactose is a disaccharide composed of

A

galactose and glucose

143
Q

True or false - Enzymes are usually one dimensional in shape and function

A

False

144
Q

The Extracellular compartment is composed of

A

Plasma and interstitium

145
Q

True or False - Mitochondria can vary in number from cell to cell, use aerobic mechanisms to produce ATP, and uses phospholipids for its membrane

A

True

146
Q

Energy from the metabolism of glucose and other fuel substrates is temporarily stored by the body as

A

ATP

147
Q

The property of phospholipids can best be described as

A

hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that face each other

148
Q

True or false, Rough Endoplasmic reticulum in involved with the production of proteins

A

true

149
Q

Homeostasis refers to

A

maintaining a stable internal environment

150
Q

True or false - the golgi apparatus is the powerhouse of the cell

A

false - the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell

151
Q

If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, then a negative feedback control mechanism for sodium would be expected to

A

increase the amount of sodium in the blood

152
Q

The nerntz potential for sodium does not suggest that the concrentration of his ion is equal on both sides of the membrane, true or fale

A

true

153
Q

True or false, the movement of water across a membrane is always an active process requiring primary active transport

A

false

154
Q

The Nernst Equation is important for

A

determining the electrical potential difference for a single ion needed to counter the concentration difference

155
Q

true or false, when determining the equilibrium potential for Sodium we must assume the membrane is permeable to all solutes

A

false - we must assume it is permeable only to sodium

156
Q

any difference in potential energy across a membrane is considered the _________ which pushes a molecule in one direction or another

A

driving force

157
Q

a cell that is exposed to a substance that will stop the sodium/potassium pump will

A

cause the membrane to slowly depolarize and eventually have a 0 mV difference

158
Q

Which substance is most responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradient of a resting membrane

A

Sodiumm/Potassium pumps

159
Q

If a positively charged ion is more concentrated inside the cell, the electrical forced required to balance the chemical gradient would be directed _______, thus the equilibrium for this ion would be ________________

A

inward, negatively

160
Q

if, under resting conditions, the membrane is much more permeable to sodium than potassium, the resting membrane would approach which ion’s equilibrium potential

A

sodium

161
Q

True or false, when determining sodium’s equilibrium potential we have to assume the membrane is permeable only to sodium

A

true

162
Q

true or false, the larger the motor units in a muscle, the more precisely controlled the gradations of contraction

A

false - smaller motor units have finer contractability

163
Q

the main cellular structure that stores Ca++ in skeletal muscle cells is the

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

164
Q

true or false, when t-tubules actively pump calcium to the extracellular space it makes muscles relax

A

false - muscle relaxation is triggered by - acetylcholine being destroyed by acetylcholinesterase, lack of an action potential, and return of the troponin tropomyosin complex returns to its blocking posisition

165
Q

describe the process of muscle contraction

A

Ca++ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum links to troponin. Troponin changes shape and moves to tropomyosin which moves, exposing myosin binding site. Myosin links, snaps ATP, pulling actin filament. Myosin stays linked until another ATP comes along.

166
Q

true or false - different levels of muscle contraction can be accomplished by stimulating different synapses on a muscle cell

A

false - different levels of contraction are stimulated by recruitment

167
Q

which molecule is responsible for physically blocking the myosin head from binding to actin?

A

tropomyosin

168
Q

what is the functional unit of a muscle fiber?

A

sarcomere

169
Q

what is the property of skeletal muscle where repeated action potentials enhance the force developed by a muscle cell

A

summation

170
Q

what is crossbridge cycling?

A

the repeated, oscillation interaction between actin and myosin that results in the generation of force by the skeletal muscle cell

171
Q

T or F: When thinking of the postsynaptic membrane (second nerve cell) during “nerve cell to nerve cell” or nerve cell to muscle communication, the opening of K+ (potassium) channels is the first step to depolarizing the post-
synaptic membrane.

A

false - a sodium channel is the first to open

172
Q

The fusing of synaptic vesicles with the terminal button membrane is initiated by Ca++ influx (entering) into the cell.

A

True

173
Q
  1. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that will stimulate the postsynaptic membrane to depolarize by
A

Opening sodium channels

174
Q

How does myelin affect action potentials?

A

A. The thinner the myelin coating the slower the action potential travels down the axon
B. The fewer “Nodes of Ranvier”, the faster the action potential travels down the axon
C. On the parts of the axon covered by myelin there are very few, if any receptor channels

175
Q

The spreading of the action potential across the cell body of a neuron is usually described as
“Graded”.

A

true

176
Q

The larger the number of “Nodes of Ranvier” for a neuron, the _________________.

A

Smaller the resistance on the spreading of the action potential

177
Q

The neuromuscular junction consists of ______________________________?

A

synaptic cleft, postsynaptic terminal, presynaptic terminal

178
Q

Adding more Acetylcholinesterase to the neuromuscular junction could cause

A

a decrease in the ability of the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine to spread across the synaptic cleft

179
Q

There are many different types of receptors for any one neurotransmitter.

A

true

180
Q

what causes flaccid paralysis?

A

Inhibitor of the Ach-receptor binding
Blocker of Acetylcholine release at the synapse
Increase of Acetylcholinesterase activity

181
Q

To start muscle contraction, released Ca++ inside the cell (intracellular) will bind to which protein molecule?

A

cal-modulin

182
Q

T or F: Heart muscle has a long refractory period due to extended K+ channel opening

A

false

183
Q

The plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential is

A

calcium channels remaining open

184
Q

The generation of the action potential by cardiac muscle cells is due mainly to the

A

leaky calcium channels

185
Q

True or False - Cardiac muscle uses two types of calcium to initiate contraction -

A

true

186
Q

Which of the following is not part of the process whereby skeletal muscles relax?

A

calcium pumps actively removing calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

187
Q

The relationship between muscle length and active tension generation (force) by skeletal muscle, as indicated by the length-tension curve is created by _______________.

A

the interaction between actin and myosin

188
Q

Describe Fast Glycolytic Fibers

A

large cells, large force, low mitochonria, low capillary density, low fatigue resistance

189
Q

Describe Slow oxidative fibers

A

smaller muscles, detail work, low glycolytic capacity, low capillary density

190
Q

The rate of Ca+ diffusion across a membrane is dependent on

A

permeability, concentration gradient, carriers

191
Q

sodium concentration plays a role in osmolarity, even if it is not permeable to the membrane

A

unk

192
Q

the rate of diffusion is dependent on

A

concentration temperature and viscosity

193
Q

in smooth muscle, Ca++ binds to

A

calmodulin

194
Q

in skeletal muscle Ca++ binds to

A

troponin

195
Q

In smooth muscle, calmodulin activates what enzyme?

A

myosin kinase

196
Q

In smooth muscle, what is myosin kinase responsible for?

A

phosphorylation of myosin heads

197
Q

haustral contactractions

A

move feces along the large intestine

198
Q

true or false - Smooth muscle can shorten more and have greater force than skeletal muscle

A

true

199
Q

swallowing motility

A

reflex inhibition, stretch reflex, contraction

200
Q

process of deglutition

A

roll food to the back of the oral cavity, info to the brainstem, close pharynx and raise larynx, relax esophagus, begin peristaltic activity

201
Q

the body of the stomach secretes

A

mucus pepsinogen and HCL

202
Q

the antrum of the stomach secretes

A

mucus pepsinogen and gastrin

203
Q

hormonal regulation of stomach emptying is caused by

A

secretion of gastrin

204
Q

neural regulation of stomach emptying is signaled by

A

stomach wall stretch, the vagus nerve, and the myenteric plexus

205
Q

what hormones increase peristalsis?

A

gastrin, insulin, serotonin, CCK

206
Q

defecation, sympathetic or parasympathetic

A

parasympathetic

207
Q

the frank starling mechanism states

A

stroke volume increases in response to blood volume increase (end diastolic volume)

208
Q

the nernst equation

A

Energy of the ion = 61/valence * log10 * concentration of the ion outside/concentration of the ion inside

209
Q

the electrical potential of a membrane at rest is closest to potassiums resting potential because

A

more potassium channels are open, allowing more potassium to move into the cell ***

210
Q

true or false, an Ion’s overall electrochemical gradient will tend to force that ion across the membrane in a direction that will cause that ion’s membrane potential to move towards that ion’s equilibrium potential

A

true***

211
Q

which of the specialized muscle tissues of the heart can create the greatest number of action potentials in a minute?

A

the sino-atrial node is the pacemaker of the heart

212
Q

true or false - ventricular cardiac cells demonstrate none of the slow depolarization of pacemaker cells

A

true*****

213
Q

pressure in the right atria of the heart is

A

around zero

214
Q

botulinum causes

A

flaccid paralysis

215
Q

tetanus toxin causes

A

rigid paralysis

216
Q

true or false the SA node requires external stimulation to generate an action potental

A

false - the SA node is a pacemaker cell with leaky sodium channels.

217
Q

true or false - the long refractory period of the heart prevents tetanic contractions

A

true

218
Q

the heart has a long refractory period due to extended _______ channel opening

A

calcium - allows sodium to leak across

219
Q

increased activity in the parasympathetic nervous system will cause changes in what areas of the heart

A

SA and AV nodes, primarily

220
Q

cardiac action potentials do not require a neurotransmitter - true or false

A

true

221
Q

t-tubules of cardiac muscle cells

A

allow for the rapid transmission of action potential

222
Q

depolarizing a membrane by ~10mv will initiate

A

increased Na+ conductance

223
Q

when cell becomes negative

A

Na+ enters, and K+ leaves the cell

224
Q

when cell becomes positive

A

K+ enters, and Na+ leaves the cell

225
Q

active transport

A

a solute moving uphill - requires energy

226
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a solute moving downhill - does not require energy

227
Q

voltage

A

pressure that moves ions through a circuit

228
Q

current

A

a flow of electrical charge - number of electrons per unit of time

229
Q

resistance

A

the opposite of conductance

230
Q

conductance

A

the ease at which current passes

Physiology Final (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions