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Physiology Exam 1 TOPIC 2 > Physiology Exam 1 TOPIC 2 > Flashcards

Physiology Exam 1 TOPIC 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fascia

A

layers of connective tissue which support and surround organs

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2
Q

Give an example of fascia

A

muscles, bones and nerves

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3
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer of the skin?

A

Superficial fascia

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4
Q

T or F The Superficial Fascia is composed of dense connective tissue.

A

False- loose connective tissue

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5
Q

T or F The superficial fascia is composed of adipose tissue

A

True :)

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6
Q

Which fascia allows the skin to move easily over the underlying structures?

A

Superficial Fascia

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7
Q

T or F The deep fascia provides insulation and padding/protection.

A

False- The Superficial fascia

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8
Q

In the superficial fascia the ___________ varies from region to region within the body.

A

thickness

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9
Q

What kind of tissue does Deep Fascia have?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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10
Q

Is the Deep Fascia slightly stretchable?

A

Yes- also capable of contraction and stiffening.

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11
Q

The deep fascia forms _____________ sheets, wrapping around _______________ to provide support

A

tough, organs

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12
Q

The Deep Fascia has a high concentration of what type of Collagen?

A

Type II

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13
Q

T or F The deep fascia has a parallel fiber orientation

A

True

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14
Q

What fascia is just deep to the skin and contains the MUSCLES OF the FACIAL EXPRESSION

A

Superficial fascia

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15
Q

What makes up deep fascia?

A

layers of dense regular connective tissue

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16
Q

Which fascia is richly innervated?

A

Deep fascia

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17
Q

T or F The deep fascia is well vascularized

A

False- not well vascularized

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18
Q

Give an example of something the deep fascia covers.

A

Muscles, bones, nerves

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19
Q

The deep fascia channels the flow of __________ fluids

A

interstitial fluids (contains/limits the spread of infections)

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of fascia?

A

Superficial, deep, and visceral/subserous fascia

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21
Q

Where is the visceral/subserous fascia found?

A

between the deep fascia and the serous membranes

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22
Q

The visceral/subserous fascia has _______________ __________ tissue

A

loose connective

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23
Q

The visceral/subserous fascia lines what cavities?

A

The internal body cavities

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24
Q

What bundles of dense regular connective tissue connect/anchor a muscle to a bone?

A

Tendon

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25
Q

Give an example of a strap/cord-like or a broad, sheet-like structure

A

Aponeurosis

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26
Q

What’s the function of a tendon?

A

Connect a muscle to a bone.

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27
Q

Can tendons function under tensile conditions?

A

Yes- but can stretch lightly

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28
Q

Tendon fibers interweave into the _____________ of the bone

A

Periosteum (outer covering)

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29
Q

What’s another name for fibers that become incorporated into the outer layers of bony connective tissue?

A

perforating fibers aka Sharpey’s fibers

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30
Q

T or F Tendons are not flexible.

A

False- they are flexible and can be redirected around/over bony prominences

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31
Q

What type of collagen fibers are predominately found in tendons?

A

Type 1

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32
Q

T or F Collagen fibers in tendons have some elastic and reticular fibers as well

A

True

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33
Q

What type of tendons may contain a slightly higher proportion of elastic fibers than positional tendons?

A

Energy-storing tendons

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34
Q

What are the manufacturing cells for tendons?

A

Tenocytes

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35
Q

What are the manufacturing cells for tendons?

A

Tenocytes

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36
Q

What’s another name for tenocytes?

A

tendinocytes

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37
Q

Where are the 2 places you can find small amounts of fibrocartilage in tendons?

A

At the junction with a bone and also at points of compression where the tendon curves around a bony feature.

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38
Q

What can overuse of a tendon lead to?

A

Stimulates fibroblasts, then get thicker tissues, and the fibroblasts stimulate the fibroblast activated growth factors and myofibroblasts
Can also lead to limited motion and pain

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39
Q

What do small groups of collagen fibers form?

A

A fascicle

40
Q

Groups of Fascicles that are bundled together to form the _______________

A

tendon

41
Q

Groups of Fascicles that are bundled together to form the _______________

A

tendon

42
Q

T or F The epitendineum is full of blood vessels, nerve fibers and fibroblasts

A

True

43
Q

The ________________ facilitates ___________ movement of the tendon within its surroundings

A

epitendineum, easy

44
Q

The epitendineum has a ____________ layer filled with a fluid similiar to __________ fluid.

A

Double, synovial

45
Q

In some places, the epitendineum is made up of how many layers and what’s in between?

A

2 layers and a thin viscous fluid

46
Q

A _________ is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It allows the tendon to move.

A

tendon sheath

47
Q

2- Layer arrangement typically found where a tendon passes through a ____________ joint cavity

A

synovial (an example would be the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passing through the gleno-humeral joint cavity.)

48
Q

2- Layer arrangement typically found where a tendon passes through a ____________ joint cavity

A

synovial

49
Q

Fibroblasts and tenocytes participate in the repair process when the tendon is damaged but healing is ______ due to the limited __________ ____________

A

slow, blood supply

50
Q

What are straps of dense regular connective tissue going from bone to bone?

A

Ligaments

51
Q

T or F Ligaments are typically subject to tensile forces.

A

True :)

52
Q

T or F Tendons are way more stretchable than ligaments.

A

False- Ligaments are only slightly more stretchable than tendons

53
Q

T or F The organization and composition are somewhat similiar to that of tendons.

A

True :)

54
Q

Fibers tend to be more __________ rather than longitudinally directed.

A

interwoven

55
Q

Proportionately to tendons ligaments have _______ collagen and _________ elastic and reticular fibers.

A

less, more

56
Q

T or F Ligaments have no internal layers of loose connective tissue, no outer covering of dense connective tissue, and no specialized fibroblasts scattered within the ligament.

A

True :)

57
Q

What is the functions of ligaments?

A

To hold bones together and stabilize bone joins; limit or prevent specific movements between the bones

58
Q

Ligaments are _________ vascularized.

A

Poorly

59
Q

Retinacula

A

Broad straps of dense reg. connective tissue holding underlying muscle tendons in place

60
Q

Retinacula

A

Broad straps of dense reg. connective tissue holding underlying muscle tendons in place

61
Q

What is a type of connective tissue with a semi-rigid matrix and contains a high concentration of fibers?

A

Cartilage

62
Q

The _______ _________ nature of the ground substance in the cartilage allows the tissue to deform under tensile forces

A

Semi-rigid

63
Q

T or F In the cartilage, the matrix is secreted by chondrocytes

A

False- chondroblasts

64
Q

In the cartilage, chondroblasts are more _________ located

A

superficially

65
Q

In the cartilage the matrix is maintained by _________

A

chondrocytes

66
Q

Chondrocytes are located more deep within ________ spaces

A

small

67
Q

The matrix consists of varying amounts of _____________ acid, ______________ sulfate and different types of _____________ fibers.

A

hyaluronic, chondroitin, collagen

68
Q

What is a perichondrium?

A

a covering composed of dense connective tissue with type I collagen fibers

69
Q

What is a perichondrium?

A

a covering composed of dense connective tissue with type I collagen fibers

70
Q

Cartilage has no direct _________ supply

A

blood

71
Q

Cells are supplied by blood vessels _______ to the cartilage structure within the perichondrium

A

external

72
Q

T or F The perichondrium contains nerves and blood vessels

A

False- nerves and lymphatic vessels

73
Q

What is the most prevalent type of cartilage within the body?

A

Hyaline

74
Q

Examples of Hyaline Cartilage

A

Nose, articular, costal, tracheal and bronchial rings, most cartilages of the larynx

75
Q

What is the most rigid of all cartilage?

A

Hyaline

76
Q

Hyaline cartilage has a matrix with a high concentration of what type of collagen fibers?

A

Type II w/ small amounts of VI and IX collagen fibers as well

77
Q

What is the ground substance of hyaline cartilage?

A

A firm, hydrated gel composed of PTGs and glycoproteins (about 75% water bond to larger molecules, PTG)

78
Q

Proteoglycans in hyaline cartilage predominantly contain _____________ sulfate bonded to core proteins, which are then bonded to long molecules of ___________ acid.

A

chondroitin, hyaluronic

79
Q

The hyaline cartilage is covered by a ________________, except for the _____________ cartilages and _____________ plates.

A

perichondrium, articular and epiphyseal

80
Q

What do blood vessels within the perichondrium provide for the cartilage cells?

A

Nourishment

81
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

82
Q

The articular cartilage is nourished by nutrients contained within the ______________ fluid of the joint cavity.

A

synovial

83
Q

The epiphyseal plate is nourished by what?

A

nearby blood vessels

84
Q

What type of cartilage is found underlying the rigid portion of the external ear (auricle)?

A

Elastic cartilage

85
Q

What cartilage makes up the epiglottis, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages of the larynx, and the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Elastic cartilage

86
Q

What is the elastic cartilage covered by?

A

perichondrium

87
Q

What cartilage forms the public symphysis, articular disks, and annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disks?

A

Fibrocartilage

88
Q

What cartilage forms the public symphysis, articular disks, and annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disks?

A

Fibrocartilage

89
Q

The fibrocartilage contains a high concentration of what type of collagen fibers?

A

Type I

90
Q

The ground substance of fibrocartilage has a ____________ concentration of proteoglycans.

A

lower

91
Q

T or F The fibrocartilage has a perichondrium

A

False- not typically associated w/ a perichondrium

92
Q

T or F There is no elastic cartilage in joints

A

True :)

93
Q

Chondrocytes within the lacunae undergo _____ ______, resulting cells to manufacture new cartilage matrix.

A

cell division (occurs primarily during the earliest stages of development.) This is interstitial growth.

94
Q

What type of growth is it when chondroblasts are found on the inner surface of the perichondrium to manufacture new cartilage matrix, adding layers of matrix to the outside of the cartilage structure? (process continues until puberty?)

A

Appositional growth

95
Q

What process resembles appositional growth?

A

Repairing of damaged cartilage

Physiology Exam 1 TOPIC 2 (1 decks)

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