Physiology Exam 1 TOPIC 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Fascia
A
layers of connective tissue which support and surround organs
2
Q
Give an example of fascia
A
muscles, bones and nerves
3
Q
What is the subcutaneous layer of the skin?
A
Superficial fascia
4
Q
T or F The Superficial Fascia is composed of dense connective tissue.
A
False- loose connective tissue
5
Q
T or F The superficial fascia is composed of adipose tissue
A
True :)
6
Q
Which fascia allows the skin to move easily over the underlying structures?
A
Superficial Fascia
7
Q
T or F The deep fascia provides insulation and padding/protection.
A
False- The Superficial fascia
8
Q
In the superficial fascia the ___________ varies from region to region within the body.
A
thickness
9
Q
What kind of tissue does Deep Fascia have?
A
Dense regular connective tissue
10
Q
Is the Deep Fascia slightly stretchable?
A
Yes- also capable of contraction and stiffening.
11
Q
The deep fascia forms _____________ sheets, wrapping around _______________ to provide support
A
tough, organs
12
Q
The Deep Fascia has a high concentration of what type of Collagen?
A
Type II
13
Q
T or F The deep fascia has a parallel fiber orientation
A
True
14
Q
What fascia is just deep to the skin and contains the MUSCLES OF the FACIAL EXPRESSION
A
Superficial fascia
15
Q
What makes up deep fascia?
A
layers of dense regular connective tissue
16
Q
Which fascia is richly innervated?
A
Deep fascia
17
Q
T or F The deep fascia is well vascularized
A
False- not well vascularized
18
Q
Give an example of something the deep fascia covers.
A
Muscles, bones, nerves
19
Q
The deep fascia channels the flow of __________ fluids
A
interstitial fluids (contains/limits the spread of infections)
20
Q
What are the 3 types of fascia?
A
Superficial, deep, and visceral/subserous fascia
21
Q
Where is the visceral/subserous fascia found?
A
between the deep fascia and the serous membranes
22
Q
The visceral/subserous fascia has _______________ __________ tissue
A
loose connective
23
Q
The visceral/subserous fascia lines what cavities?
A
The internal body cavities
24
Q
What bundles of dense regular connective tissue connect/anchor a muscle to a bone?
A
Tendon
25
Give an example of a strap/cord-like or a broad, sheet-like structure
Aponeurosis
26
What's the function of a tendon?
Connect a muscle to a bone.
27
Can tendons function under tensile conditions?
Yes- but can stretch lightly
28
Tendon fibers interweave into the _____________ of the bone
Periosteum (outer covering)
29
What's another name for fibers that become incorporated into the outer layers of bony connective tissue?
perforating fibers aka Sharpey's fibers
30
T or F Tendons are not flexible.
False- they are flexible and can be redirected around/over bony prominences
31
What type of collagen fibers are predominately found in tendons?
Type 1
32
T or F Collagen fibers in tendons have some elastic and reticular fibers as well
True
33
What type of tendons may contain a slightly higher proportion of elastic fibers than positional tendons?
Energy-storing tendons
34
What are the manufacturing cells for tendons?
Tenocytes
35
What are the manufacturing cells for tendons?
Tenocytes
36
What's another name for tenocytes?
tendinocytes
37
Where are the 2 places you can find small amounts of fibrocartilage in tendons?
At the junction with a bone and also at points of compression where the tendon curves around a bony feature.
38
What can overuse of a tendon lead to?
Stimulates fibroblasts, then get thicker tissues, and the fibroblasts stimulate the fibroblast activated growth factors and myofibroblasts
Can also lead to limited motion and pain
39
What do small groups of collagen fibers form?
A fascicle
40
Groups of Fascicles that are bundled together to form the _______________
tendon
41
Groups of Fascicles that are bundled together to form the _______________
tendon
42
T or F The epitendineum is full of blood vessels, nerve fibers and fibroblasts
True
43
The ________________ facilitates ___________ movement of the tendon within its surroundings
epitendineum, easy
44
The epitendineum has a ____________ layer filled with a fluid similiar to __________ fluid.
Double, synovial
45
In some places, the epitendineum is made up of how many layers and what's in between?
2 layers and a thin viscous fluid
46
A _________ is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It allows the tendon to move.
tendon sheath
47
2- Layer arrangement typically found where a tendon passes through a ____________ joint cavity
synovial (an example would be the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passing through the gleno-humeral joint cavity.)
48
2- Layer arrangement typically found where a tendon passes through a ____________ joint cavity
synovial
49
Fibroblasts and tenocytes participate in the repair process when the tendon is damaged but healing is ______ due to the limited __________ ____________
slow, blood supply
50
What are straps of dense regular connective tissue going from bone to bone?
Ligaments
51
T or F Ligaments are typically subject to tensile forces.
True :)
52
T or F Tendons are way more stretchable than ligaments.
False- Ligaments are only slightly more stretchable than tendons
53
T or F The organization and composition are somewhat similiar to that of tendons.
True :)
54
Fibers tend to be more __________ rather than longitudinally directed.
interwoven
55
Proportionately to tendons ligaments have _______ collagen and _________ elastic and reticular fibers.
less, more
56
T or F Ligaments have no internal layers of loose connective tissue, no outer covering of dense connective tissue, and no specialized fibroblasts scattered within the ligament.
True :)
57
What is the functions of ligaments?
To hold bones together and stabilize bone joins; limit or prevent specific movements between the bones
58
Ligaments are _________ vascularized.
Poorly
59
Retinacula
Broad straps of dense reg. connective tissue holding underlying muscle tendons in place
60
Retinacula
Broad straps of dense reg. connective tissue holding underlying muscle tendons in place
61
What is a type of connective tissue with a semi-rigid matrix and contains a high concentration of fibers?
Cartilage
62
The _______ _________ nature of the ground substance in the cartilage allows the tissue to deform under tensile forces
Semi-rigid
63
T or F In the cartilage, the matrix is secreted by chondrocytes
False- chondroblasts
64
In the cartilage, chondroblasts are more _________ located
superficially
65
In the cartilage the matrix is maintained by _________
chondrocytes
66
Chondrocytes are located more deep within ________ spaces
small
67
The matrix consists of varying amounts of _____________ acid, ______________ sulfate and different types of _____________ fibers.
hyaluronic, chondroitin, collagen
68
What is a perichondrium?
a covering composed of dense connective tissue with type I collagen fibers
69
What is a perichondrium?
a covering composed of dense connective tissue with type I collagen fibers
70
Cartilage has no direct _________ supply
blood
71
Cells are supplied by blood vessels _______ to the cartilage structure within the perichondrium
external
72
T or F The perichondrium contains nerves and blood vessels
False- nerves and lymphatic vessels
73
What is the most prevalent type of cartilage within the body?
Hyaline
74
Examples of Hyaline Cartilage
Nose, articular, costal, tracheal and bronchial rings, most cartilages of the larynx
75
What is the most rigid of all cartilage?
Hyaline
76
Hyaline cartilage has a matrix with a high concentration of what type of collagen fibers?
Type II w/ small amounts of VI and IX collagen fibers as well
77
What is the ground substance of hyaline cartilage?
A firm, hydrated gel composed of PTGs and glycoproteins (about 75% water bond to larger molecules, PTG)
78
Proteoglycans in hyaline cartilage predominantly contain _____________ sulfate bonded to core proteins, which are then bonded to long molecules of ___________ acid.
chondroitin, hyaluronic
79
The hyaline cartilage is covered by a ________________, except for the _____________ cartilages and _____________ plates.
perichondrium, articular and epiphyseal
80
What do blood vessels within the perichondrium provide for the cartilage cells?
Nourishment
81
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
82
The articular cartilage is nourished by nutrients contained within the ______________ fluid of the joint cavity.
synovial
83
The epiphyseal plate is nourished by what?
nearby blood vessels
84
What type of cartilage is found underlying the rigid portion of the external ear (auricle)?
Elastic cartilage
85
What cartilage makes up the epiglottis, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages of the larynx, and the pharyngotympanic tube?
Elastic cartilage
86
What is the elastic cartilage covered by?
perichondrium
87
What cartilage forms the public symphysis, articular disks, and annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disks?
Fibrocartilage
88
What cartilage forms the public symphysis, articular disks, and annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disks?
Fibrocartilage
89
The fibrocartilage contains a high concentration of what type of collagen fibers?
Type I
90
The ground substance of fibrocartilage has a ____________ concentration of proteoglycans.
lower
91
T or F The fibrocartilage has a perichondrium
False- not typically associated w/ a perichondrium
92
T or F There is no elastic cartilage in joints
True :)
93
Chondrocytes within the lacunae undergo _____ ______, resulting cells to manufacture new cartilage matrix.
cell division (occurs primarily during the earliest stages of development.) This is interstitial growth.
94
What type of growth is it when chondroblasts are found on the inner surface of the perichondrium to manufacture new cartilage matrix, adding layers of matrix to the outside of the cartilage structure? (process continues until puberty?)
Appositional growth
95
What process resembles appositional growth?
Repairing of damaged cartilage
