Physiology Exam 1 TOPIC 2 Flashcards
Fascia
layers of connective tissue which support and surround organs
Give an example of fascia
muscles, bones and nerves
What is the subcutaneous layer of the skin?
Superficial fascia
T or F The Superficial Fascia is composed of dense connective tissue.
False- loose connective tissue
T or F The superficial fascia is composed of adipose tissue
True :)
Which fascia allows the skin to move easily over the underlying structures?
Superficial Fascia
T or F The deep fascia provides insulation and padding/protection.
False- The Superficial fascia
In the superficial fascia the ___________ varies from region to region within the body.
thickness
What kind of tissue does Deep Fascia have?
Dense regular connective tissue
Is the Deep Fascia slightly stretchable?
Yes- also capable of contraction and stiffening.
The deep fascia forms _____________ sheets, wrapping around _______________ to provide support
tough, organs
The Deep Fascia has a high concentration of what type of Collagen?
Type II
T or F The deep fascia has a parallel fiber orientation
True
What fascia is just deep to the skin and contains the MUSCLES OF the FACIAL EXPRESSION
Superficial fascia
What makes up deep fascia?
layers of dense regular connective tissue
Which fascia is richly innervated?
Deep fascia
T or F The deep fascia is well vascularized
False- not well vascularized
Give an example of something the deep fascia covers.
Muscles, bones, nerves
The deep fascia channels the flow of __________ fluids
interstitial fluids (contains/limits the spread of infections)
What are the 3 types of fascia?
Superficial, deep, and visceral/subserous fascia
Where is the visceral/subserous fascia found?
between the deep fascia and the serous membranes
The visceral/subserous fascia has _______________ __________ tissue
loose connective
The visceral/subserous fascia lines what cavities?
The internal body cavities
What bundles of dense regular connective tissue connect/anchor a muscle to a bone?
Tendon
Give an example of a strap/cord-like or a broad, sheet-like structure
Aponeurosis
What’s the function of a tendon?
Connect a muscle to a bone.
Can tendons function under tensile conditions?
Yes- but can stretch lightly
Tendon fibers interweave into the _____________ of the bone
Periosteum (outer covering)
What’s another name for fibers that become incorporated into the outer layers of bony connective tissue?
perforating fibers aka Sharpey’s fibers
T or F Tendons are not flexible.
False- they are flexible and can be redirected around/over bony prominences
What type of collagen fibers are predominately found in tendons?
Type 1
T or F Collagen fibers in tendons have some elastic and reticular fibers as well
True
What type of tendons may contain a slightly higher proportion of elastic fibers than positional tendons?
Energy-storing tendons
What are the manufacturing cells for tendons?
Tenocytes
What are the manufacturing cells for tendons?
Tenocytes
What’s another name for tenocytes?
tendinocytes
Where are the 2 places you can find small amounts of fibrocartilage in tendons?
At the junction with a bone and also at points of compression where the tendon curves around a bony feature.
What can overuse of a tendon lead to?
Stimulates fibroblasts, then get thicker tissues, and the fibroblasts stimulate the fibroblast activated growth factors and myofibroblasts
Can also lead to limited motion and pain
What do small groups of collagen fibers form?
A fascicle
Groups of Fascicles that are bundled together to form the _______________
tendon
Groups of Fascicles that are bundled together to form the _______________
tendon
T or F The epitendineum is full of blood vessels, nerve fibers and fibroblasts
True
The ________________ facilitates ___________ movement of the tendon within its surroundings
epitendineum, easy
The epitendineum has a ____________ layer filled with a fluid similiar to __________ fluid.
Double, synovial
In some places, the epitendineum is made up of how many layers and what’s in between?
2 layers and a thin viscous fluid
A _________ is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It allows the tendon to move.
tendon sheath
2- Layer arrangement typically found where a tendon passes through a ____________ joint cavity
synovial (an example would be the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passing through the gleno-humeral joint cavity.)
2- Layer arrangement typically found where a tendon passes through a ____________ joint cavity
synovial
Fibroblasts and tenocytes participate in the repair process when the tendon is damaged but healing is ______ due to the limited __________ ____________
slow, blood supply
What are straps of dense regular connective tissue going from bone to bone?
Ligaments
T or F Ligaments are typically subject to tensile forces.
True :)
T or F Tendons are way more stretchable than ligaments.
False- Ligaments are only slightly more stretchable than tendons
T or F The organization and composition are somewhat similiar to that of tendons.
True :)
Fibers tend to be more __________ rather than longitudinally directed.
interwoven
Proportionately to tendons ligaments have _______ collagen and _________ elastic and reticular fibers.
less, more
T or F Ligaments have no internal layers of loose connective tissue, no outer covering of dense connective tissue, and no specialized fibroblasts scattered within the ligament.
True :)
What is the functions of ligaments?
To hold bones together and stabilize bone joins; limit or prevent specific movements between the bones
Ligaments are _________ vascularized.
Poorly
Retinacula
Broad straps of dense reg. connective tissue holding underlying muscle tendons in place
Retinacula
Broad straps of dense reg. connective tissue holding underlying muscle tendons in place
What is a type of connective tissue with a semi-rigid matrix and contains a high concentration of fibers?
Cartilage
The _______ _________ nature of the ground substance in the cartilage allows the tissue to deform under tensile forces
Semi-rigid
T or F In the cartilage, the matrix is secreted by chondrocytes
False- chondroblasts
In the cartilage, chondroblasts are more _________ located
superficially
In the cartilage the matrix is maintained by _________
chondrocytes
Chondrocytes are located more deep within ________ spaces
small
The matrix consists of varying amounts of _____________ acid, ______________ sulfate and different types of _____________ fibers.
hyaluronic, chondroitin, collagen
What is a perichondrium?
a covering composed of dense connective tissue with type I collagen fibers
What is a perichondrium?
a covering composed of dense connective tissue with type I collagen fibers
Cartilage has no direct _________ supply
blood
Cells are supplied by blood vessels _______ to the cartilage structure within the perichondrium
external
T or F The perichondrium contains nerves and blood vessels
False- nerves and lymphatic vessels
What is the most prevalent type of cartilage within the body?
Hyaline
Examples of Hyaline Cartilage
Nose, articular, costal, tracheal and bronchial rings, most cartilages of the larynx
What is the most rigid of all cartilage?
Hyaline
Hyaline cartilage has a matrix with a high concentration of what type of collagen fibers?
Type II w/ small amounts of VI and IX collagen fibers as well
What is the ground substance of hyaline cartilage?
A firm, hydrated gel composed of PTGs and glycoproteins (about 75% water bond to larger molecules, PTG)
Proteoglycans in hyaline cartilage predominantly contain _____________ sulfate bonded to core proteins, which are then bonded to long molecules of ___________ acid.
chondroitin, hyaluronic
The hyaline cartilage is covered by a ________________, except for the _____________ cartilages and _____________ plates.
perichondrium, articular and epiphyseal
What do blood vessels within the perichondrium provide for the cartilage cells?
Nourishment
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
The articular cartilage is nourished by nutrients contained within the ______________ fluid of the joint cavity.
synovial
The epiphyseal plate is nourished by what?
nearby blood vessels
What type of cartilage is found underlying the rigid portion of the external ear (auricle)?
Elastic cartilage
What cartilage makes up the epiglottis, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages of the larynx, and the pharyngotympanic tube?
Elastic cartilage
What is the elastic cartilage covered by?
perichondrium
What cartilage forms the public symphysis, articular disks, and annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disks?
Fibrocartilage
What cartilage forms the public symphysis, articular disks, and annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disks?
Fibrocartilage
The fibrocartilage contains a high concentration of what type of collagen fibers?
Type I
The ground substance of fibrocartilage has a ____________ concentration of proteoglycans.
lower
T or F The fibrocartilage has a perichondrium
False- not typically associated w/ a perichondrium
T or F There is no elastic cartilage in joints
True :)
Chondrocytes within the lacunae undergo _____ ______, resulting cells to manufacture new cartilage matrix.
cell division (occurs primarily during the earliest stages of development.) This is interstitial growth.
What type of growth is it when chondroblasts are found on the inner surface of the perichondrium to manufacture new cartilage matrix, adding layers of matrix to the outside of the cartilage structure? (process continues until puberty?)
Appositional growth
What process resembles appositional growth?
Repairing of damaged cartilage
