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Physiology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of body weight is water? Extracellular fluid? Plasma? Interstitial?

A

Water: 60%
Extracellular: 20%
-Plasma: 4%
-Interstitial: 16%

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2
Q

What % of the blood is blood cell volume?

A

45%

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3
Q

What molecules can cross the cell membrane? Which ones can’t?

A

Can: hydrophobic molecules, small uncharged polar molecules

Can’t: large uncharged polar molecules, ions

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4
Q

What is Fick’s law and what does it measure?

A

It’s measures flux(diffusion)

J (out—>in) = -P(deltaC)

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5
Q

What happens to permeability as the width of the membrane increases?

A

Molecules becomes less permeable

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6
Q

What is the equation for CHEMICAL potential energy?

A

DeltaU = RTln (Cin/Cout)

DeltaU = 61log (Cin/Cout) @ 37 degrees

DeltaU = 58log (Cin/Cout) @ 20 degrees

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7
Q

What is the equation for ELECTRICAL potential energy?

A

ZFdeltaV

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8
Q

What is the equation for Gibb’s free energy (electrochemical potential)? What does it mean?

A

DeltaU = 61 log (Cin/Cout) + zFdeltaV

+ means work is done
- means no work is done

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9
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

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10
Q

What are primary active transporters?

A

Systems linked directly to the cell’s metabolic energy

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11
Q

What are ABC transporters?

A

ATP-binding cassette transporter

May or may not actually use energy of ATP to transport molecules but needs ATP to be bound

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12
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Uses the gradient of an ion to drive the transport instead of ATP energy (Ex. Na-Glucose transporter)

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13
Q

What is the equation for the equilibrium potential of a single ion across a membrane?

A

Eion = 61/z log ([IONout/IONin])

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14
Q

What is the equation for the conductance of an ion?

A

I(ion) = g(ion)(Vm-Eion)

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15
Q

What does ouabain block and what are its affects?

A

Na/K ATPase - distrusts cell membrane potential

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16
Q

What does the pufferfish poison TTX affect?

A

It blocks Na+ voltage-gated channels in cells

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17
Q

What channels does TEA block?

A

K+ voltage-gated channels

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18
Q

What are gap junctions made out of?

A

Connexins

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19
Q

A temporal lag in relaying the message from one cell to the next via a synapse

A

Synaptic delay

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20
Q

Why is calcium ideally suited to be a second messenger within synaptic clefts?

A

It’s intracellular concentration is extremely low under resting conditions

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21
Q

Which SNARE protein is responsible for the tethering the vesicles to cytoskeleton structures to maintain a readily available reserve pool of neurotransmitters?

A

Synapsin

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22
Q

Which SNARE proteins mediate the docking of a vesicle to the specific release site (active zone)?

A

Synaptobrevin
Syntaxin
SNAP-25

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23
Q

Which SNARE protein senses the elevation of calcium and triggers the formation of the fusion pore to release intra-vesicular contents?

A

Synaptotagmin

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24
Q

How does botulinum toxin lead to paralysis?

A

It inhibits neurotransmitter release by causing proteolysis of synaptobrevin, syntaxin, and SNAP-25

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25
Na/K ATPase inhibitor
Ouabain
26
A toxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels
Tetrodoxin
27
A toxin that blocks voltage-gated potassium channels
TEA
28
The result of hundreds of vesicles in a neuron fusing
EPP
29
The results of only one vehicle in a neuron fusing
MEPP
30
Describe the orientation of the activation and inactivation gates of the VGNaC at each step of the action potential.
Prior AP - A closed, I open Depolarization - both open Repolarization- A open, I closed Undershoot - both closed Return to baseline - A closed, I opens
31
Receptor molecule that is itself also an ionic channel
Ionotropic receptor
32
When the receptor is a separate entity from the ionic channels whose activity it controls; needs a “second messenger”
Metabotropic
33
How do IPSPs inhibit an action potential?
The STABILIZE the membrane at or near resting potential via increased permeability to Cl- —> antagonizes excitatory responses
34
Rapid burst of EPSPs in one neuron leading to an action potential
Temporal summation
35
Concurrent activation of two or more excitatory synapses converging on the same neuron to trigger an action potential
Spatial summation
36
How does increasing diameter of the axon affect the AP?
Less resistance
37
Receptors that bind ACh
Cholinergic
38
Receptors that bind EPI and NE
Adrenergic
39
What two receptors does ACh bind? Where are they found in the body?
Nicotinic - skeletal muscle and ANS ganglions Muscarinic - smooth and cardiac muscle, glands
40
What are the two types of nicotinic receptors and where are they found?
N1 - skeletal muscle | N2 - autonomic nervous system ganglions
41
What inhibits N1 receptors?
Curare
42
What inhibits N2 receptors?
Hexamethonium
43
What inhibits muscarinic receptors?
Atropine
44
What receptors does NE bind to?
Alpha | Beta
45
What are the two types of alpha receptors and what are their functions?
A1 - constriction of blood vessel smooth muscle | A2 - regulatory; inhibits release of NE
46
What are the two types of beta receptors and what are their functions?
B1 - increases heart rate and force of contraction B2 - relaxes GI tract and some vascular smooth muscle
47
What are the functions of the beta-2 and alpha-1 receptors in blood vessels?
Alpha 1 - constricts | Beta 2 - dilates
48
When lens cannot bring objects at close distance into focus; farsighted
Hyperopia
49
When lens cannot bring objects at far distance into focus; nearsighted
Myopia
50
When lens loses elasticity with age and ability to focus on close objects declines
Presbyopia
51
Photoreceptors that are extremely sensitive to light; respond to single photon; night vision
Rods
52
Photoreceptors that can discriminate between colors; respond maximally to light at a specific wavelength; day vision
Cones
53
Cones are highly concentrated where? What are they responsible for?
Fovea | High visual acuity
54
How does rhodopsin work and what is the cascade that follows it?
Photon absorption —> 11-cis retinal isomerizes to 11-trans retinal —> this detaches from opsin (“bleached”) —> GTP —> cGMP —>opens cGMP-gated channel —> influx of Na+ —> depolarization
55
What causes light adaptation?
A calcium feedback mechanism that leads to reduced light sensitivity
56
Cells that respond maximally to a bright dot in the center of their receptive field surrounded b an area of darkness
ON-center cells
57
Cells that respond maximally to a dark spot surrounded by an area of brightness
OFF-center cells
58
What cells are responsible for the lateral inhibition that allows for ON-center and OFF-center cells to function?
Horizontal cells
59
What happens if the optic chiasm is damaged?
Loss of peripheral vision
60
What happens if the left optic tract is damaged?
Loss of right visual field
61
What happens if the left optic nerve is damaged?
Loss of vision from left eye (left peripheral and right center)
62
What are the two different type of layers in the LGN and what kind of information do they provide?
Magnocellular (inner two layers) - high temporal resolution/rapidly changing or moving stimuli Parvocellular (outer 4 layers) - high spatial resolution and color
63
What are the two types of cells in the visual cortex and what type of information do they respond to?
Simple - respond to bars/edges are particular orientations | Complex - respond to complex patterns or objects moving in a particular direction
64
How does the ear detect pitch?
High-pitched sounds will stimulate the baseball membrane near the oval window while low pitched sounds will stimulate the membrane near the apex
65
Influx of what ions depolarizers the hair cells of the ear?
K+ and Ca+2 ions
66
Involved in amplification and tuning of the movement of the basilar membrane
Outer hair cells
67
How is loudness measured in the ear?
By the rate of APs generated by the inner hair cells
68
What are the 3 bones in the middle ear?
Malleus Incus Stapes
69
What do the semilunarcanals of the vestibular system measure?
Angular accelerations and angular velocity of the head (orientation, rotation, and posture)
70
What do the utricle and saccule respond to?
Saccule - horizontal positioning | Utricle - vertical positioning
71
Where is the Ruffini ending located, what does it detect, and what kind of receptor is it?
- Cutaneous tissue - Sustained pressure and temp - Slow adapting
72
Where is the Pacinian corpuscle located, what does it detect, and what kind of receptor is it?
- Subcutaneous layer - Pressure and vibration - Rapid adapting
73
Where is the Merkel’s disk located, what does it detect, and what kind of receptor is it?
- Epidermis - pressure, position, and deep static touch - Slow adapting
74
Where is the Meissner’s corpuscle located, what does it detect, and what kind of receptor is it?
- Epidermis - Touch and vibrations - Rapid adapting
75
What do pain receptors do instead of adapting?
They sensitize —> leads to hyperalgesia
76
What are the two types of A pain fibers? What do they measure? What is a unique characteristic of them?
- fast, stinging pain - myelinated - A-delta (fastest) - A-beta
77
What do the C pain fibers measure? What is a unique characteristic of them?
- slow burning pain | - unmyelinated and outnumber A fibers
78
What does the DCML tract measure? Where does is cross over? How many/what neurons are involved? Where does is terminate?
- sensory (fine touch, vibration, proprioception) - medulla - 3 neurons, A-alpha/A-delta - somatosensory cortex
79
What does the spinothalamic tract measure? Where does is cross over? How many neurons are involved? Where does is terminate?
- pain + temp - crosses at the level of entry in the spinal cord - 2 neurons (A-delta and C neurons) - somatosensory cortex
80
What are the three main differences between the neospinalthalamic and paleospinalthalamic pain pathways?
Neospinalthalamic - A-delta fibers; synapse in Laminae I and V; fast/stinging pain Paleospinalthalamic - C fiber; synapse in Laminae V/VI-VIII; slow/burning
81
What are the collateral pathways of the pain pathways? Where do they project?
Spinomesencephalic - collateral of the neospinothalamic; projects to PAG/NRM in midbrain Spinoreticular - collateral of the paleospinothalamic; projects to the thalamus through reticular formation
82
How do opiates (poppy seeds) and opioids (synthetic) disrupt the pain pathway?
- block cAMP formation - block Ca+2 influx - increase K+ efflux
83
What are come characteristics of red muscle?
- small alpha motor neuron - high mitochondrial ATPase - low glycogen - high resistance to fatigue - large blood supply - tonic nerve activity SMALL, SLOW TWITCH —> POSTURE
84
What are some characteristics of white muscle?
- large alpha motor neuron - low mitochondrial ATPase - high glycogen - low resistance to fatigue - small blood supply - physic nerve activity LARGE FAST TWITCH —> FIGHT/FLIGHT
85
Arranged in PARALLEL with muscle fibers —> measure muscle length; INTRAFUSAL
Muscle spindle
86
Embedded in series with the muscle fibers —> measure muscle tension; EXTRAFUSAL
Golgi tendon organs
87
Describe the homunculus on the cerebellum and the spinal cord.
Cerebellum - extremities are medial; face and trunk are lateral
88
Describe muscle spindle fibers and their mechanism of action.
Nuclear bag fibers/nuclear chain fibers sense stretch —> Ia afferent fibers send sensory info to spine/brain (stretch reflex) while gamma fibers send motor info to muscle spindle to maintain stretch
89
Keeps stretch receptors in tune and allows Ia afferent fibers to supports alpha motor neuron discharge
Compensatory loading
90
Describe Golgi tendon organs and their mechanism of action.
Stretch by an eternal load —> activated Ib afferent fibers —> reflex to counteract muscle action
91
Explain the nociceptive reflex.
Noxious stimuli —> relaxation of extensors and contraction of flexors of AFFECTED limb —> relaxation of flexors and contraction of extensors on OPPOSITE limb
92
What occurs during Brown-Sequard Syndrome (hemisection of the spinal cord)?
- below lesion: loss of motor control on ipsilateral side (corticospinal) - below lesion: loss of pain/temp sensation on contralateral side (spinothalamic) - below lesion: loss of fine touch/vibration sensation on ipsilateral side (DCML)
93
What is the cortico-bulbar tract and what does it control?
Motor neurons that project from primary motor cortex to brain stem —> controls muscles of face, tongue, and eyes
94
What is the difference between the lateral and anterior/medial corticospinal tracts?
Lateral - controls extremities and distal muscles Anterior - controls axial muscles that maintain posture
95
The basal ganglia are associated with which two major types of action?
Reward and habitual actions
96
What is the role of dopamine in the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia?
OVERALL GOAL = stimulate moment It stimulates the direct pathway (D1) and inhibits the indirect pathway (D2) via striatum
97
What occurs during Parkinson’s disease?
Dopamine neurons degenerate so decrease in opamine —> inhibition of voluntary movements
98
Controls coordination and accuracy of voluntary movements
Cerebellum
99
What is Lambert Eaton Myasthenia Syndrome?
Antibodies against the voltage-gated calcium ion channels
100
What is myasthenia gravis?
Antibodies target ACh receptor (only N1 in muscle though! — no effect on autonomic system)
101
Breaks down acetylcholine
MAO

BUPA Physiology (3 decks)

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