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transitions Y2 > physiology and regulation of puberty W9 > Flashcards

physiology and regulation of puberty W9 Flashcards

1
Q

physical changes in puberty?

A

increase in body mass, height, strength
CNS growth
completion of brain development
heart, lungs, viscera increase size/mass
regression of lymphoid tissue
enlargement of reproductive organs
apocrine sweat glands activated
development of pubic hair

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2
Q

psychological changes in puberty?

A

activation of social and motivational tendencies
development of personal and sexual identity
abstract thinking
introspection
establishment of system of values
autonomy and personal independance
focus and increased importance on peer relationships
development of coping strategies

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3
Q

what controls the onset of puberty?

A

HPG axis activation (activated by complex neuroendocrine systems)

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4
Q

what is adrenarche and when does it occur

A

pre-pubertal awakening of the adrenal gland
adrenal androgen precursors are converted to sex steroids

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5
Q

adrenal androgen precursors?

A

DHEA, DHEA-S, androstenodione

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6
Q

physical signs of adrenarche?

A

public/axillary hair development, axillary odour, acne

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7
Q

does absence of adrenarche prevent gonadarche?

A

no!

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8
Q

when does gonadarche begin and what occurs?

A

age 8-14 years. onset of true central puberty.
increased pulsatile release of GnRH from the hypothalamus (leads to increased pituitary release of gonadotrophins LH and FSH
breast development and growth of ovaries (estradiol and progesterone production). growth of testes (testosterone production)

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9
Q

girls vs boys time of puberty onset? variable duration?

A

girls onset at 8-13 years
boys onset at 9-14 years
variable duration of 3.5-4.5 years

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10
Q

name for development of public hair?

A

pubarche

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11
Q

name of onset of female breast development?

A

thelarche

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12
Q

name for onset of menstruation? when does this occur in relation to thelarche?

A

menarche
2 years after thelarche

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13
Q

name of onset of sperm emission?

A

spermarche

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14
Q

when do growth spurts occur?

A

girls - tanner stage 2-3 (before menarche)
boys - tanner stage 3-4

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15
Q

tanner stage 1 in girls?

A

elevation of papilla
villus hair only
2-2.4 inches per year
adrenarche and ovarian growth

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16
Q

tanner stage 2 in girls?

A

breast bud under the areola, areola enlargement
sparse hair along labia
2.8-3.2 inches per year
clitoral enlargement, labia pigmentation, growth of uterus

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17
Q

tanner stage 3 in girls?

A

breast tissue grows but has no contour or separation
coarser hair curled pigmented covers the pubes
3.2 inches per year
axillary hair, acne

18
Q

tanner stage 4 in girls?

A

projection of areola and papilla, secondary mound formation
adult hair, does not spread to thigh
2.8 inches per year
menarche and development of menses

19
Q

tanner stage 5 in girls?

A

adult-type contour, projection of papilla only
adult hair, spreads to medial thigh
cessation of linear growth
adult genitalia

20
Q

tanner stage 1 in boys?

A

testes <2.5cm
villus hair only
2.0-2.4 inches per year
adrenarche

21
Q

tanner stage 2 in boys?

A

testes 2.5-3.2cm, thinning and reddening of the scrotum
sparse hair at penis base
2.0-2.4 inches per year
decreases in body fat

22
Q

tanner stage 3 in boys?

A

testes 3.304cm, increase in penis length
thicker curly hair spreads to the pubis
2.8-3.2 inches per year
gynecomastia, voice break, increased muscle mass

23
Q

tanner stage 4 in boys

A

testes 4.1-4.5cm, penis growth, darkening of scrotum
adult hair does not spread to thighs
4.0 inches per year
axillary hair, voice change, acne

24
Q

tanner stage 5 in boys?

A

tests >4.5cm, adult genitalia
adult hair spreads to medial thigh
deceleration, cessation of linear growth
facial hair, muscle mass increases

25
Q

neurotransmitters affects on GnRH?

A

childhood - inhibitory pathway predominant
puberty initiation - inhibitory pathway decreases
augmentation of the excitatory tonus

26
Q

which neuropeptides are essential parts of controlling pubertal onset

A

kisspeptin neurons and co-expressed neuropeptides neurokinin B and dynorphin

27
Q

KNDy neuron?

A

kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin A neuronal ensemble

28
Q

what do KNDy neurons do?

A

express kisspeptin, and intermittently send stimulatory signals to GnRH neurons to generate a pulsatile GnRH secretion pattern
kisspeptin binds to the G-protein coupled receptor (KISS1R) expressed by GnRH neurons to initiate a sequence of downstream events.

29
Q

difference in male/female feedback to kisspeptin?

A

males - stimulates LH release
females - effect dependant on phase of menstrual cycle

30
Q

what controls upstream regulators of kisspeptin?

A

dunno

31
Q

how do genetic factors regulate onset of puberty?

A

networks of functionally related, hierarchically arranged genes regulate the neuroendocrine control of puberty initiation.
transcription regulators likely direct expression of key subordinate genes to coordinate puberty initiation
genetics explain 50-80% of variability in timing

32
Q

how do metabolic factors regulate onset of puberty?

A

leptin appears to play a permissive role in puberty initiation and maintenance of reproductive function
(eg earlier initiation of puberty seen in obese children may be partly explained by higher leptin levels)

33
Q

how do environmental factors regulate onset of puberty?

A

the age of pubertal onset has been declining since mid-1990s - possible environmental causes?

34
Q

3 categories of puberty disorders

A

precocious puberty
delayed puberty
contrasexual development

35
Q

precocious puberty?

A

early development of secondary sexual characteristics (before 8 yrs in girls and 9 yrs in boys)

36
Q

causes of precocious puberty?

A

variant of normal development
premature adrenarche, CNS/pituitary lesions, McCune-Albright syndrome, gonadotropin-secreting tumours or exogenous sex hormones

37
Q

delayed puberty?

A

absence or incomplete development of secondary sexual characteristics by 13 yrs in girls and 14 years in boys

38
Q

causes of delayed puberty?

A

variant of normal development
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hypopituitarism, chromosomal abnormalities, hypothalamic dysfunction due to secondary causes

39
Q

contrasexual development?

A

when male or female children develop physical features of the opposite gender

40
Q

causes of contrasexual development

A

polycystic ovaries, increased adrenal gland responses, other endocrine pathologies
estrogen secreting tumours in boys

41
Q

who is contrasexual development more prevalent in?

A

girls!

transitions Y2 (4 decks)

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