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Neuroscience > Physiology and Pharmacology of the ANS > Flashcards

Physiology and Pharmacology of the ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic, fight or flight, mobilises energy
parasympathetic, rest and digest, conserves energy

both usually occur in balance

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2
Q

What does the fight or flight response do?

A 
◘ increase heart rate
◘ dilate airways
◘ dilate pupils
◘ adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion
◘ inhibits digestion including salivation
◘ stimulates glucose production and release
◘ stimulates orgasm
◘ constricts blood vessels
◘ inhibits bladder contraction
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3
Q

what does the rest and digest response do?

A 
◘ contracts pupils
◘ slows heart rate
◘ constricts airways
◘ dilates blood vessels 
◘ promotes salivation and digestion 
◘ contracts bladder
◘ stimulates erection
◘ tear production
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4
Q

which nerves are responsible for the parasympathetic actions?

A

Cranial nerves:

  • III Occulomotor
  • VII Facial
  • IX Glossopharyngeal
  • X Vagus

Splanchnic Sacral: S2,3,4

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5
Q

which nerves are responsible for sympathetic innervation?

A

T1-12 and L1-3

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6
Q

where is the ganglion for parasympathetic nerves usually located?

A

very close to or sometimes within target organ

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7
Q

describe the neurotransmitters used in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

The preganglioic synapses with the post ganglionic using Acetyl Choline

the post ganglionic synapses with the target organ using Acetyl choline.

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8
Q

which neurotransmitter connects preautonomic/presympathetic neurones to the preganglionic neurones?

A

Glutamate

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9
Q

describe the neurotransmitters used in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Acetyl choline is used between all preganglionic and postganglionic synapses.

the neurotransmitters at the synapse with the postganglionic and target organ differ:

  • heart, kidney, blood vessels = Noradrenaline
  • sweat glands = Ach
  • renal vessels = Dopamine
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10
Q

what is different about the sympathetic nerve stimulating the adrenal glands?

A

it has no ganglion, it instead directly stimulates adrenals to release catecholamines into blood stream to have its effects.

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11
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in the NMJ (somatic)?

A

Acetyl choline

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12
Q

how is noradrenaline biosynthesised?

A

phenylalanine –> tyrosine –> L-DOPA –> Dopamine

this occurs in the cytoplasm

in the vesicles: Dopamine –> noradrenaline

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13
Q

how is acetyl choline synthesised?

A

acetate + choline is converted to acetyl choline using choline acetyltransferase

this is broken down by acetylcholinesterase

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14
Q

from where in the spinal cord do sympathetic motor neurones arise from?

A

intermediolateral cell columns of T1-L2

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15
Q

describe autonomic regulation in GI function

A

cephalic response occurs when you see, smell or taste food you hypothalamus prepares the GI tract for digestion by releasing insulin and gastrin using the Vagus nerve CNX.

mechanoreceptors in the stomach detect distension, more full means more impulses to vagus nerve which gives you feeling of being bloated.

as food is absorbed satiety hormones like GLP1 PYY and CCK are released these are detected by chemoreceptors and transmitted via CNX as impulses stopping you from over eating.

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16
Q

what is different about obese people’s satiety response?

A

more food needed to trigger certain mechanorecptor firing rate.

vagus nerves of obese people often lack the PYY receptor hence cannot stop eating when as satiety hormones not detected.

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17
Q

what makes up the central respiratory centre?

A

pontine centre, controls rate and pattern

ventral (medullary), controls rhythmicity

dorsal group (Nucleus tractus solitarus) (medullary), controls inspiration and diaphragm - OUPUT

these all communicate with each other

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18
Q

what decreases the rate of respiration and how?

A

Herring Bruer reflex, overinflation of lungs detected by mechanoreceptors and causes impulse via CNX meaning outflow of impulses from dorsal group (NTS) is inhibited, reducing ventilation.

19
Q

what increases rate of respiration?

A

low [O2], low pH, High [CO2] detected by chemoreceptors which leads to impulses via CNIX and CNX to NTS which increases outflow meaning increased ventilation.

20
Q

which muscles are needed for ventilation and which nerves?

A
  • C1-3 accessory muscles (scalene, sternocleomastoid)
  • C3-5 phrenic nerve
  • T1-11 intercostals
  • T6-L1 abdominal
21
Q

In micturition, what does the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system do when activated?

A

PNS - contraction of bladder detrusor muscles
SNS- contraction of internal sphincter

external sphincter under voluntary control.

afferent mechanoreceptors trigger stimulation of PNS and inhibition of SNS.

22
Q

how is autonomic function regulated centrally?

A

impulses via CNX and CNIX arrive at NTS, from here they get sent to the hypothalamus which coordinates a response sending impulses down to the intermediolateral cell column (spinal cord) and to the Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNX).

hypothalamus can also receive signals from higher areas of the brain

23
Q

types of adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system

A

α1: A,B,D
α2: A,B,C
β1
β2

24
Q

types of cholinergic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

25
Q

what is the function of presynaptic receptors?

A

regulate the amount of neurotransmitter being released (auto receptors)

26
Q

where can the nicotinic receptors be found?

A

all synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurones.

receptors on the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system

receptors on the muscle in somatic nervous system.

27
Q

where can muscarinic receptors be found?

A
  • heart in parasympathetic nervous system
  • other effector organs in the sympathetic nervous system eg sweat glands

when synapsing with postganglionic neurone.

28
Q

what does atropine do?

A

blocks muscarinic receptors (antagonist) in the parasympathetic nervous system

hence heart rate increases

sweat production decreases as sympathetic muscarinic receptors are also inhibited.

29
Q

what does tubacurarine do?

A

it blocks the nicotinic receptor leading to complete blockage of autonomic function hence heart rate will increase to intrinsic rhythm

paralysis will occur as skeletal muscles also affected including respiratory muscles hence DEATH.

30
Q

what type of receptor is a nicotinic receptor?

A

inotropic

31
Q

what type of receptor is a muscarinic receptor?

A

GPCR

32
Q

where are α1 adrenergic receptors found?

A

smooth muscles that contract in the sympathetic response eg blood vessels

33
Q

where are α2 adrenergic receptors found?

A

postganglionic neurone, acting as a autoreceptor preventing release of more Noradrenaline.

34
Q

where are β1 adrenergic receptors found?

A

almost exclusively on the heart

35
Q

where are β2 adrenergic receptors found?

A

smooth muscles that relax in the sympathetic response

36
Q

what type of receptors are adrenergic receptors?

A

GPCRs

37
Q

what does doxasozin do?

A

α1 antagonist, reduces sympathetic function of blood vessels hence causes dilation.

38
Q

what does Medetomidine do?

A

α2 agonist, more auto regulation hence less noradrenaline released, this decreases the sympathetic function causing smooth muscle dilation.

39
Q

what does atenolol do?

A

β1 blocker/antagonist, reduces heart rate as it decreases sympathetic innervation

40
Q

what does salbutamol do?

A

β2 agonist, causes smooth muscle dilation in airways, hence increases sympathetic response.

41
Q

how is primary hypertension caused by exaggerated sympathetic nerve activity?

A

it causes contraction of peripheral blood vessels, causing increase in resistance therefore increase in BP.

it also causes vasodilation of renal vessels hence low local blood pressure leading to activation of renin a angiotensin system hence hypervolaemia and hypernatraemia.

this often leads to heart failure

42
Q

what is secondary hypertension?

A

due to hormonal conditions like bushings

43
Q

genetic cause of loss of atomic function

A

shy-drager syndrome, results in synucleopathy, alpha synuclein protein accumulates and causes brain cell death in intermediolateral cell column.

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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