Physiology and pathology Flashcards
Primary oocyte
In fetal life–>meiosis I of prophase prior to ovulation
Diploid
What happens to the primary oocyte during Ovulation?
–>Meiosis II in metaphase II until fertilization
Haploid
How long does the oocyte have to fertilization before it degenerates?
1 day
Elevated hormones in ovulation
^estrogen–>^GnRH receptors on anterior pituitary–>^^^surge in LH–>rupture of the follicle
How does a spike in progesterone change basal temperature?
Temperature increases
Mittelschmerz
Transient mid-cycle ovulatory pain (peritoneal irritation) can mimic a appendicitis
Where does fertilization most commonly occur?
Ampulla of the fallopian tube
What secretes hCG?
Syncytiotrophoblasts (also stimulates the corpus luteum to make progesterone during the 1st trimester)
Suckling of the nipple stimulates?
Nerves to increase oxytocin and prolactin
Oxytocin function
Induces labor and stimulates milk let down
Prolactin function
Induces and maintains lactation and decreases reproductive function
What do breastfed infants require in addition?
Vitamin D
Function of the corpus luteum for the first 8-10 weeks?
Produce progesterone, functions as place holder until the placenta is large enough to make its own progesterone/estriol
Elevated hCG is indicative of?
Multiple gestations, hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, Down syndrome
Decreased hCG is indicative of?
Edward, Patau, ectopic/failing pregnancy
What is the specific lab value indicating menopause?
FSH (loss of negative feedback from decreased estrogen)
Menopause before age 40 may indicate?
Premature ovarian failure
What are the hormonal changes associated with menopause?
Decrease in estrogen, Big increase in FSH, increase in LH and GnRH
Menopause symptoms
Menopause wreaks HAVOCS Hot flashes Atrophy of the vagina Osteoporosis Coronary artery disease Sleep disturbances
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules
When does spermatogenesis begin?
At puberty
Spermatogonium ploidy
Diploid 2N, 2C (N=unique genetic content, C=cr)
Primary spermatocyte ploidy
Diploid 2N, 4C
Secondary spermatocyte ploidy
Haploid 1N (X or Y), 2C(XX or YY)