Physiology and levels of organization in the body

Question 1

What is Physiology

Answer 1

The way in which a living organism or bodily part functions, describing the chemistry and physics behind basic body functions from how molecules behave in cells to how systems of organs work together

Question 2

Why study physiology

Answer 2

Understand how the healthy body works and responds, and adapts to the environment, tells us wha† goes wrong in disease for treatments

Question 3

Levels of organization in the body

Answer 3

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, body system, and organism level

Question 4

Basic cell functions

Answer 4

1. obtain nutrients
2. chemical reactions for energy
3. eliminate wastes
4. synthesize cellular components
5. control the exchange of materials in and outside of the cell
6. move materials within the cell
7. sense and respond to changes in surrounding environment
8. regulate cellular reproduction

Question 5

Neurogenesis

Answer 5

stem cells produce new neurons from development to old age

Question 6

Subgranular zone (SGZ)

Answer 6

In the hippocampus, controls emotions and memory

Question 7

Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Answer 7

Quiscent Stem cells become activated into adulthood when there is a stimulus that activates the stem cells

Question 8

3 steps of hippocampal neurogenesis

Answer 8

proliferation, differentiation, and survival

Question 9

decreased hippocampal neurogenesis

Answer 9

Aging, unhealthy diet, stress, aberrant immune system, disrupted microbiome

Question 10

Increased Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Answer 10

Exercise, healthy diet, antidepressants, healthy immune system, healthy microbiome

Question 11

Specialized cell functions

Answer 11

produce and secrete digestive enzymes or messenger molecules, control muscle contractions, generate, transmit and store informationin the for of changes in electrical impulses

Question 12

Fluid within cells

Answer 12

intracellular fluid

Question 13

Fluid outside cells

Answer 13

Extracellular fluid

Question 14

Plasma

Answer 14

fluid portion of blood

Question 15

interstitial fluid

Answer 15

Surrounds cells

Question 16

Tissue level

Answer 16

Tissues are groups of cells with similar structures and specialized functions

Question 17

4 primary types of tissue

Answer 17

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective

Question 18

Muscle Tissue

Answer 18

specialized for contracting and generating force

Question 19

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 19

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Question 20

Nervous tissue

Answer 20

Consists of cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses

Question 21

Where is nervous tissue found

Answer 21

brain, spinal cord and nerves

Question 22

Epithelial tissue

Answer 22

specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment

Question 23

2 structures of epithelial tissue

Answer 23

epithelial sheets and glands

Question 24

Epithelial sheets

Answer 24

cells formed tightly together serving as a boundary, like the outer layer of skin or the lumen

Question 25

glands

Answer 25

epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secreting products from cells

Question 26

Exocrine glands

Answer 26

excrete through ducts

Question 27

Endocrine glands

Answer 27

lack ducts and secrete internally into the blood

Question 28

Connective tissue

Answer 28

connects, supports and anchors various body parts, distinguished by having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material (tendons, bone, and blood)

Question 29

Organ Level

Answer 29

consists of two or more types of primary tissue that function together to perform a particular function or functions

Question 30

body system level

Answer 30

groups of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity essential to survival of the whole body

Question 31

how many body systems does the human body have

Answer 31

11

Question 32

what are the body systems of the human body

Answer 32

circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, skeletal, muscular, integumentary, immune, nervous, endocrine, reproductive

Question 33

organism level

Answer 33

body systems do not act in isolation from one another, complex body processes depend on the interplay among multiple systems (bp depends on circulatory, urinary, nervous and endocrine)