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MSK > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Haemopoeitic cells

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2
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

Break down bone tissue by releasing HCL, proteases and Cathepsin K

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3
Q

What cell to osteoblasts derive from?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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4
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

Lay down new bone and strengthen bone by crystallisation

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5
Q

Bone mineralization

A

process by which bone matrix becomes filled with calcium phosphate.

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6
Q

Describe the function of PTH

A

Increases plasma Ca2+ by increasing OC activity

and increases reabsorption of Ca at the kidney

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7
Q

What are osteocytes and how do they communicate

A

formed from osteoblasts and communicate via the canaliculi

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8
Q

By which cells are PTH secreted from

A

Chief cells in parathyroid glands which are on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

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9
Q

Function of Vitamin D

A

Increase calcium levels

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10
Q

Where does vitamin D synthesis begin - what cell

A

keratinocytes

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11
Q

Vitamin D3 is made and taken in how?

A

Diet or due to exposed UVB radiation cholesterol is converted to it

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12
Q

Explain process of Vitamin D3 to calcitriol

A

Vitamin D3 is carried to liver then converted to calcidiol and then becomes active from calcitriol in kidneys

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13
Q

In the kidneys an enzymes level are maintained by PTH to convert calcidiol to calcitriol. What is this enzyme?

A

1- alpha hydroylase

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14
Q

Vitamin D primary action

A

Intestine where it increases absorption of calcium into the plasma

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15
Q

Where does most of the absorption happen in the kidneys?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

3 main actions of Vitamin D

A

increase OC activity
increases phosphate and calcium ion reabsorption in the kidney
increase absorption of calcium and phosphate in the Gi tract

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17
Q

Main site of calcium absorption in the kidneys

A

distal convoluted tubules

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18
Q

Function of Calcitonin

A

decrease calcium plasma levels , increases calcium deposition at bones (OB) and increased phosphate reabsorption and increase calcium excretion

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19
Q

Hypercalcaemia

A

> 2.6mmol/L

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20
Q

Causes of Hypercalceamia

A

malignancy or hyperparathyroidism

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21
Q

Symptoms of Hypercalceamia

A

stones, groans(constipation) moans, bones, thrones and confusion

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22
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

<2.2mmol/L

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23
Q

Causes of Hypocalaemia

A

hypoparathyroidism

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24
Q

Symptoms of Hypocalaemia

A

CATs go NUMB - convulsions, arrhythmias , tetany( spasms and hand cramps), numbness

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25
Q

Two types of bone

A

Compact and spongy

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26
Q

structure of compact bone

A

arranged in osteons with lamellae with central canal -OP

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27
Q

structure of spongy bone

A

bony trabeculae orientated along Ines of compressive tensile strength , have spaces for both red and yellow bone marrow

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28
Q

Function of red bone marrow

A

production of blood cells

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29
Q

Function of yellow bone marrow

A

Fat storage

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30
Q

6 classification of bones - think of some examples too

A

Long, short , flat , irregular , sutural and sesamoid

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31
Q

Function of sutural bones

A

Formation of abnormal ossification centres

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32
Q

Function of sesamoid bones

A

Protects tendons from compressive forces

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33
Q

Function of long bones

A

Leverage

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34
Q

Osteogenesis

A

process of bone formation which involves laying down of new bone material by osteoblast cells

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35
Q

4 principal situations of bone formation

A

embryo and foetus,
bone growth in infancy,
remodelling
fracture repair

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36
Q

calcification

A

hardening of bone tissue by accumulation or deposition of calcium salts

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37
Q

Intramembranous ossification quick overview

A

Bone development from fibrous membrane ( flat bone, mandible and clavicle)

38
Q

endochrondral ossification

A

process of bone formation from hyaline cartilage

39
Q

Brief overview of fracture repair

A

Blood vessels tear,
WBC arrive to break clot and chrondroblasts and cytes arrive making a fibrocartilage callus , Hard callus then forms ,
remodelled with OB and OC with medullary cavity removed

40
Q

3 major types of joints

A

Fibrous Joints
Cartilanginous joints
Synovial joints

41
Q

Factors affecting bones

A

Dietary intake , Hormones ( oestrogen - epiphyseal plate to close early) , exercise, genetics and race

42
Q

A 56 year old women comes into the GP with stooped posture and back pain. She is post menopausal and has Crohn disease( low bone density). What condition could you she have? how could you confirm your diagnosis and treat it?

A

Osteoporosis - DEXA scan - bone mineral density

Treated with PTH, Ca and vitamin D supplements , hormone replacement therapy or Bisphopshates

43
Q

Oversecretion of hGh from pituitary gland after closure of the epiphyseal plate increasing bone size causes what problem

A

Acromegaly ( chin) or Giantism ( height)

44
Q

What bones are part of the axial skeleton

A

Bones of head, Neck and trunk

45
Q

What bones are part of the appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs, Pectoral and pelvic girdle

46
Q

Is cartilage avascular?

A

Yes, after childhood has limited vascular supply on surface from where it vascularise tissue following an injury

47
Q

Interstitil growth produces longer bones as cartilage…..

A

lengthens and is replaced by bone tissue

48
Q

Appositional growth occurs when new bone is deposited on the surface of bone- know as

A

Both thickening

49
Q

Turnover is how quickly something is replaced, is matrix turnover in cartilage slower or faster compared to active tissue

A

slower

50
Q

Function of chondrogenic cells

A

Differnentiate into chrondroblasts and osteoprogentior cells

51
Q

Function of Chrondroblasts

A

synthesise ECM in growing cartilage tissues. Very active and abundant in growing cartilage and bone tissues

52
Q

Function of Chrondrocytes

A

synthesise and secrete all major components of cartilage matrix and are much larger and less metabolically active then CB cells

53
Q

3 Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, yellow elastic cartilage, white fibrocartilage

54
Q

What does hyaline cartilage appear like when stained

A

Bluish grey and semi-translucent( cloudy) in appearance

55
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found

A

nose, larynx, ventral end of ribs , tracheal rings, bronchi and articulating surfaces of bone

56
Q

Structure and function of hyaline cartilage

A

cartilage template for long bone developments at the epiphyseal plate,
TYPE II collagen fibres and proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
Smooth and ability to resit compression and tension forces

57
Q

Appearance of Yellow elastic cartilage

A

yellowish and more opaque as presence of elastic fibres

58
Q

Structure and function of of Yellow elastic cartilage

A

Type II collagen fibres and branching elastic fibres, more flexible and has more chondrocytes

59
Q

Where is YEC found

A

Pinna of the ear, auditory canals and epiglottis

60
Q

Appearance of white fibrocartilage

A

white

61
Q

Structure and function of WFC

A

Type I collagen fibres

rich in chondratin and sulphates,

parallel to tensile forces

62
Q

Where is WFC found in the human body

A

Interventral discs , pubic symphysis and articular discs

63
Q

What complication can a ruptured intervertebral disc cause?

A

Radiculopathy - compression of the spinal nerves, normally lower causing loss of sensation and weakness

64
Q

Composition of Bone matrix

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite, collagen Type I fibres, glycosaminoglycans ( chrondrotin sulphate - used in osteoarthritis) and glycoproteins

65
Q

Pectoral girdle joints

A

sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint

66
Q

Pelvic girdle joints

A

two sacroiliac joints and pubic symphysis

67
Q

Why is the knee joint a weak joint?

A

Incongruence of its articular surfaces, the stability depends on the strength and actions of surrounding muscles and their tendons and connecting ligaments

68
Q

What is a tissue

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells that carry out a specific function

69
Q

Connective tissue like fibroblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes( cells that store nutrients) provide….

A

Mechanical support

70
Q

Epithelial cells that line the body, cover organ surfaces and provide a barrier between external environment are found…..

A

airways , GIT and reproductive tract

71
Q

Muscles cells function

A

movement within internal organs(GI)

locomotion

72
Q

Stratified means

A

More than one cell

73
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue
Dense regular - tendons and ligaments
Dense irregular - skin

74
Q

Examples and function of Dense regular connective tissue

A

tendons and ligaments

Resistant to traction forces
Collagenous and elastic tissue

75
Q

Examples of and function of Dense irregular

A

skin

mechanical support like in the palms of your hand

76
Q

soft and pliable loose connective tissue is good for support of major organs why?

A

is non resistant to stress

77
Q

are FIBROBLASTS the most common pat of connective tissue

what do they do

A

yes

synthesise the collagen and components of ECM. Have elongated nuclei and small cytoplasm

78
Q

4 specialised forms of connective tissue

A

Adipose tissue, Bone, Blood, Cartilage

79
Q

What is the fetal skeleton made up of before it gets replaced with bone

A

Hyaline cartilage

80
Q

How does Growth Hormone (GH) control bone growth

A

stimulates OB and bone formation
stimulates chondrocytes - length at epiphyseal plate
Increase bone mass in adults

81
Q

Problems with excess or deficiency of GH

A

Pituitary gigantism - over secretion
dwarfism - under secretion
acromegaly - over secretion when epiphyseal plate has closed

82
Q

Function of thyroid hormone of controlling bone growth

A

stimulates OB deposition

83
Q

Function of insulin hormone of controlling bone growth

A

Promotes bone growth and synthesis of bone proteins

84
Q

Function of oestrogen of controlling bone growth

A

Bone strength, bone formation and re-absorption and shuts down the epiphyseal plate

85
Q

Function of Androgens and testosterone of controlling bone growth

A

bone strength in males

86
Q

Describe effects of osteoporosis associated with post menopausal women

A

They lose bone density as lack of collagen fibres so eroded more quickly than OB can build up.
More spacing between Trabeculae.
Haversian canals enlarge and space is filled with more adipose tissue so bones become weaker and more liable to fracture ,
also due to lack of oestrogen , lack of exercise and diet.

87
Q 
Osteogenesis imperfecta (Brittle bone disease)
what are the genes involved in that cause this
A

genetic disorder - break easily caused by defects in genes involved in synthesis of collagen

88
Q

Osteitis ideformans ( Paget disease)

A

osteoclasts absorb bone faster so osteoblasts try to work quicker so new bone is larger and weaker

89
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

90
Q

What is haemolysis

A

RBC swell due to addition of water

91
Q

4 factors that increase diffusion through a membrane

A

high conc gradient
high lipid solubility
low molecular weight
low degree of ionisation

92
Q

What protein hold calcium ions together so their charges don’t reply each other?

A

Calquestrian

MSK (4 decks)

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