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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Haemopoeitic cells

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2
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

Break down bone tissue by releasing HCL, proteases and Cathepsin K

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3
Q

What cell to osteoblasts derive from?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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4
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

Lay down new bone and strengthen bone by crystallisation

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5
Q

Bone mineralization

A

process by which bone matrix becomes filled with calcium phosphate.

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6
Q

Describe the function of PTH

A

Increases plasma Ca2+ by increasing OC activity

and increases reabsorption of Ca at the kidney

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7
Q

What are osteocytes and how do they communicate

A

formed from osteoblasts and communicate via the canaliculi

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8
Q

By which cells are PTH secreted from

A

Chief cells in parathyroid glands which are on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

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9
Q

Function of Vitamin D

A

Increase calcium levels

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10
Q

Where does vitamin D synthesis begin - what cell

A

keratinocytes

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11
Q

Vitamin D3 is made and taken in how?

A

Diet or due to exposed UVB radiation cholesterol is converted to it

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12
Q

Explain process of Vitamin D3 to calcitriol

A

Vitamin D3 is carried to liver then converted to calcidiol and then becomes active from calcitriol in kidneys

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13
Q

In the kidneys an enzymes level are maintained by PTH to convert calcidiol to calcitriol. What is this enzyme?

A

1- alpha hydroylase

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14
Q

Vitamin D primary action

A

Intestine where it increases absorption of calcium into the plasma

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15
Q

Where does most of the absorption happen in the kidneys?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

3 main actions of Vitamin D

A

increase OC activity
increases phosphate and calcium ion reabsorption in the kidney
increase absorption of calcium and phosphate in the Gi tract

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17
Q

Main site of calcium absorption in the kidneys

A

distal convoluted tubules

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18
Q

Function of Calcitonin

A

decrease calcium plasma levels , increases calcium deposition at bones (OB) and increased phosphate reabsorption and increase calcium excretion

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19
Q

Hypercalcaemia

A

> 2.6mmol/L

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20
Q

Causes of Hypercalceamia

A

malignancy or hyperparathyroidism

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21
Q

Symptoms of Hypercalceamia

A

stones, groans(constipation) moans, bones, thrones and confusion

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22
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

<2.2mmol/L

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23
Q

Causes of Hypocalaemia

A

hypoparathyroidism

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24
Q

Symptoms of Hypocalaemia

A

CATs go NUMB - convulsions, arrhythmias , tetany( spasms and hand cramps), numbness

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25
Two types of bone
Compact and spongy
26
structure of compact bone
arranged in osteons with lamellae with central canal -OP
27
structure of spongy bone
bony trabeculae orientated along Ines of compressive tensile strength , have spaces for both red and yellow bone marrow
28
Function of red bone marrow
production of blood cells
29
Function of yellow bone marrow
Fat storage
30
6 classification of bones - think of some examples too
Long, short , flat , irregular , sutural and sesamoid
31
Function of sutural bones
Formation of abnormal ossification centres
32
Function of sesamoid bones
Protects tendons from compressive forces
33
Function of long bones
Leverage
34
Osteogenesis
process of bone formation which involves laying down of new bone material by osteoblast cells
35
4 principal situations of bone formation
embryo and foetus, bone growth in infancy, remodelling fracture repair
36
calcification
hardening of bone tissue by accumulation or deposition of calcium salts
37
Intramembranous ossification quick overview
Bone development from fibrous membrane ( flat bone, mandible and clavicle)
38
endochrondral ossification
process of bone formation from hyaline cartilage
39
Brief overview of fracture repair
Blood vessels tear, WBC arrive to break clot and chrondroblasts and cytes arrive making a fibrocartilage callus , Hard callus then forms , remodelled with OB and OC with medullary cavity removed
40
3 major types of joints
Fibrous Joints Cartilanginous joints Synovial joints
41
Factors affecting bones
Dietary intake , Hormones ( oestrogen - epiphyseal plate to close early) , exercise, genetics and race
42
A 56 year old women comes into the GP with stooped posture and back pain. She is post menopausal and has Crohn disease( low bone density). What condition could you she have? how could you confirm your diagnosis and treat it?
Osteoporosis - DEXA scan - bone mineral density | Treated with PTH, Ca and vitamin D supplements , hormone replacement therapy or Bisphopshates
43
Oversecretion of hGh from pituitary gland after closure of the epiphyseal plate increasing bone size causes what problem
Acromegaly ( chin) or Giantism ( height)
44
What bones are part of the axial skeleton
Bones of head, Neck and trunk
45
What bones are part of the appendicular skeleton
Limbs, Pectoral and pelvic girdle
46
Is cartilage avascular?
Yes, after childhood has limited vascular supply on surface from where it vascularise tissue following an injury
47
Interstitil growth produces longer bones as cartilage.....
lengthens and is replaced by bone tissue
48
Appositional growth occurs when new bone is deposited on the surface of bone- know as
Both thickening
49
Turnover is how quickly something is replaced, is matrix turnover in cartilage slower or faster compared to active tissue
slower
50
Function of chondrogenic cells
Differnentiate into chrondroblasts and osteoprogentior cells
51
Function of Chrondroblasts
synthesise ECM in growing cartilage tissues. Very active and abundant in growing cartilage and bone tissues
52
Function of Chrondrocytes
synthesise and secrete all major components of cartilage matrix and are much larger and less metabolically active then CB cells
53
3 Types of cartilage
Hyaline, yellow elastic cartilage, white fibrocartilage
54
What does hyaline cartilage appear like when stained
Bluish grey and semi-translucent( cloudy) in appearance
55
Where is Hyaline cartilage found
nose, larynx, ventral end of ribs , tracheal rings, bronchi and articulating surfaces of bone
56
Structure and function of hyaline cartilage
cartilage template for long bone developments at the epiphyseal plate, TYPE II collagen fibres and proteoglycans and glycoproteins. Smooth and ability to resit compression and tension forces
57
Appearance of Yellow elastic cartilage
yellowish and more opaque as presence of elastic fibres
58
Structure and function of of Yellow elastic cartilage
Type II collagen fibres and branching elastic fibres, more flexible and has more chondrocytes
59
Where is YEC found
Pinna of the ear, auditory canals and epiglottis
60
Appearance of white fibrocartilage
white
61
Structure and function of WFC
Type I collagen fibres rich in chondratin and sulphates, parallel to tensile forces
62
Where is WFC found in the human body
Interventral discs , pubic symphysis and articular discs
63
What complication can a ruptured intervertebral disc cause?
Radiculopathy - compression of the spinal nerves, normally lower causing loss of sensation and weakness
64
Composition of Bone matrix
Calcium hydroxyapatite, collagen Type I fibres, glycosaminoglycans ( chrondrotin sulphate - used in osteoarthritis) and glycoproteins
65
Pectoral girdle joints
sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint
66
Pelvic girdle joints
two sacroiliac joints and pubic symphysis
67
Why is the knee joint a weak joint?
Incongruence of its articular surfaces, the stability depends on the strength and actions of surrounding muscles and their tendons and connecting ligaments
68
What is a tissue
A tissue is a group of similar cells that carry out a specific function
69
Connective tissue like fibroblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes( cells that store nutrients) provide....
Mechanical support
70
Epithelial cells that line the body, cover organ surfaces and provide a barrier between external environment are found.....
airways , GIT and reproductive tract
71
Muscles cells function
movement within internal organs(GI) | locomotion
72
Stratified means
More than one cell
73
What are the 3 types of connective tissue
Loose connective tissue Dense regular - tendons and ligaments Dense irregular - skin
74
Examples and function of Dense regular connective tissue
tendons and ligaments Resistant to traction forces Collagenous and elastic tissue
75
Examples of and function of Dense irregular
skin mechanical support like in the palms of your hand
76
soft and pliable loose connective tissue is good for support of major organs why?
is non resistant to stress
77
are FIBROBLASTS the most common pat of connective tissue what do they do
yes synthesise the collagen and components of ECM. Have elongated nuclei and small cytoplasm
78
4 specialised forms of connective tissue
Adipose tissue, Bone, Blood, Cartilage
79
What is the fetal skeleton made up of before it gets replaced with bone
Hyaline cartilage
80
How does Growth Hormone (GH) control bone growth
stimulates OB and bone formation stimulates chondrocytes - length at epiphyseal plate Increase bone mass in adults
81
Problems with excess or deficiency of GH
Pituitary gigantism - over secretion dwarfism - under secretion acromegaly - over secretion when epiphyseal plate has closed
82
Function of thyroid hormone of controlling bone growth
stimulates OB deposition
83
Function of insulin hormone of controlling bone growth
Promotes bone growth and synthesis of bone proteins
84
Function of oestrogen of controlling bone growth
Bone strength, bone formation and re-absorption and shuts down the epiphyseal plate
85
Function of Androgens and testosterone of controlling bone growth
bone strength in males
86
Describe effects of osteoporosis associated with post menopausal women
They lose bone density as lack of collagen fibres so eroded more quickly than OB can build up. More spacing between Trabeculae. Haversian canals enlarge and space is filled with more adipose tissue so bones become weaker and more liable to fracture , also due to lack of oestrogen , lack of exercise and diet.
87
``` Osteogenesis imperfecta (Brittle bone disease) what are the genes involved in that cause this ```
genetic disorder - break easily caused by defects in genes involved in synthesis of collagen
88
Osteitis ideformans ( Paget disease)
osteoclasts absorb bone faster so osteoblasts try to work quicker so new bone is larger and weaker
89
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
90
What is haemolysis
RBC swell due to addition of water
91
4 factors that increase diffusion through a membrane
high conc gradient high lipid solubility low molecular weight low degree of ionisation
92
What protein hold calcium ions together so their charges don't reply each other?
Calquestrian

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