Physiology Flashcards
Form Closure Definition
Efficiency of joint structures; primarily consists of bones and connective tissue
How well a joint aligns
Describes the structural aspects of the body and the specific architecture of joints; defining characteristics of joints stem from their structure, orientation and shape. If the segment fits together like a puzzle significant support is provided
if the connecting surface area is limited other tissues enhance stability
Force Closure definition
Support of soft tissue which helps maintain joint position; primarily consists of muscles and fascia
The ability of connective tissue to maintain joint positional alignment
Includes ligaments, tendons, muscle and fascia that provide support and stability. Force closure supports any deficiency in form closure via muscular contractions and connective tissue compressive forces.
Lack of stability in joint reduces force production (weakest link in kinetic chain)
Kinetic chain definition
refers to the force across the body segments or chain of force transfer involved in properly moving the body
Global stabilizers aid in stability during ____?
actions
Global mobilizers aid in stability as _____?
movers
Reducing the risk for injury: Local system?
Functions in an anticipatory manner before moving/ loading to brace the joint or body segment and maximize stability (super important for protecting the spine)
Local systems fire earlier than the fibers of global systems to anchor a motion segment the global system pulls on it for bodily movement
Activity of local systems in the trunnk should precede that of muscles responsible for limb movement
Delayed local system firing can lead to injury if forces go unmanaged
Local Stabilizers Role and functions?
Role: Increase muscle stiffness to control segmental movement
Function: Control neutral joint position; contraction does not produce change in muscle length or movement
Global stabilizers Roles and functions?
Role: Generate force to control range of movement
Function: Control the inner and outer ranges of movement; tend to contract eccentrically for low load decelertion of momentum and for rotational control
Global mobilizers role and functions
Role: Generate torque to produce movement
Function: Produce joint movement, especially in sagittal plane. tend to contract concentrically and absorb shock forces from impacts
Integrated model of function describes…
the cooperation and coordination between bodily systems
Motor control definition
The proficiency of the neuromuscular system to anticipate and react to external stimuli
Refers to nneuromuscular activation within motor units to produce movemennt via appropriate force
the magnitude of force and the timinng of motor unit activation and deactivation dictate stability
Familiarity and movement practice is key to improving motor control
practice improves performance
Integrated model of function: Emotions definition
Ones currennt psychological orietatio which ca impact neural activity
Identifies the relationship between the brain and working muscles during physical actions
The bodies ability to transfer force depends on:
- the neural proficiency of muscle activation
- the health and efficiency of associated bones, joints, and ligaments (form closure)
- The added support of associated muscles and fascia (force closure)
The body relies on two muscle systems for energy transfer across the trunk:
Inner and outer unit Definition?
Inner Unit: Local stabilizers that support the spine and pelvis Outer Unit (myofascial sling system) : Global stabilizers that work reactively to control body weight segments and provide functional force closure
Inner Unit muscles:
Transverse abdominus, diaphragm, posterior internal oblique, pelvic floor, and multifidus
The Inner Unit: Transverse Abdominus Function
Helps maintain proper intra- abdominal pressure to manage flexion/extension of the spine
Enhances rigidity of the thoracolumbar fascia to improve bracing of the lumbopelvic region
Delayed firing of this muscle is associate with poor core stability and lower back pain
The Inner Unit: Multifidus Function
Hoop tension is created between the TVA and the multifidi which connect moving segments of the vertebrae- a circle of stability like a belt
Contracts with the TVA to prevent undesirable changes in spinal segment positioning
The Inner Unit: Diaphragm Function
Serves as a respiratory muscle and local stabilizer via top down support; can serve both purposes simultaneously
The Inner Unit: Pelvic Floor Function
Stabilizes the front and back by acting on the pelvis, may initiate and capture force within the inner unit
Anchors the pelvic girdle inn response to bracing and loading
The outer unit definition
Cooperative units of muscle and fascia designed to manage closed- chain actions by producing “slings” of force that transfers loads across body segments
The Outer Unit: Posterior Oblique Sling System:
- Includes the latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus and thoracolumbar fascia
- integrated witrh central stabilizer to form a structural “force transfer bridge” between the lumbar spine and pelvic girdle
- Issues with the system can impact forces that contribute to speed, strength, and power
The Outer Unit: Anterior Oblique sling system:
- Complementary opposes the posterior oblique system via the combined function of the obliques, adductors and abdominal fascia
- Creates corss stabilization for the anterior sling and is integral to sagittal plane locomotion
THe Outer Unit: Deep Longitudinal Sling System
- Includes the erector spinae annd thoracolumbar fascia, multifidus and sacrotuberous ligament connectinng with hamstrings; extends to the lower extremidies
- Connects multiple joint segments for efficient sprinting mechanics due to combined extension of the hip and knee
The Outer Unit: Lateral Sling System
- Includes the hip abductors, quadratus lumbordum and thigh adductors to provide frontal plane stability and aid in vertical/horizontal bipedal and climbing motions
- Stabilizes hip loading for actions such as climbing a ladder and stepping up stairs
Common Postural Distortions Include
- Forward head posture/ rounded shoulders
- winged scapulae
- upper cross syndrome
- kyphosis
- lordosis/ lower cross syndrome
- undesirable fixed pelvic tilting
- lower extremity distortions
What is Upper Cross Syndrome:
Upper body postural distortion that presents itself as a forward head, rounded or forward shoulders with an exaggerated thoracic curvature. Contributes to upper back pain, shoulder dysfunction and training limitations for upper body
What is Lower Cross Syndrome:
Lower body distortions characterized by an undesirable anterior tilt or the pelvis with lordosis due to severe muscular imbalance in the lumbo- pelvic region; contributes to a significant core instability; lower body training limitations and lower back pain
Fixed Lateral Pelvic Tilting
Presents itself as a hip elevation on one side of the pelvis while the opposing side is depressed. Increase hip adduction on the raised side increases hip abduction on lowered side
Distal extremity distortions:
Ankle over pronation (flat feet) or ankle over supination Varus knees (bow legged) due to external rotation at the hip Valgus knees (knock knees) Knees in, heels innwards, toes pointing out due to internal rotation at the hip
Corrective exercises definition
Activities aimed to restore and enhance join t function via improvements in the neuromuscular and muskuloskeletal systems
Quantifying dysfunction
The level of dysfunction and its effects on movement efficiency guide the exercise selection process and identify priorities
Closed kinetic chain exercises
Force is applied to a distally fixed position, force the body to stabilize segments across the kinetic chain - the body moves around the object
Open Kinetic chain exercises
Force is applied to a moveable obect around a distally fixed position, reducing stability requirements but allowing for more isolated loading - the object moves around the body
Closed circuit exercise:
Both working limbs are connected to the same load which minimizes the stability demands while increasing the potential for loading
Open Circuit Exercise:
Each Limb must manage seperate load on its own which increases localized stability demands while increase the potential for range of motion
Acute peripheral fatigue
Cells experience dysfunction due to acidity which limits enzyme activity, requiring buffering compounds and a rest period before work can be reinitiated
General Peripheral fatigue
Occurs with a lack of energy stores or localized depletion of anaerobic stores from activity; acute rest intervals will not help a recovery period is needed
Central Fatigue
Occurs with systemic depletion of CHO’s resulting in reduced motor unit recruitment AND FIRING RATE; REFLECTS A CONSCIOUS and subconscious decision to reduce the intensity of exercise until energy replenishes and or recover have provided feul for the re initiation of work
(a-v)O2 difference:
Difference in Oxygen saturation when comparing the arteeries and the veins. It indicates the level of oxygen uptake efficiency of working muscles and other tissues
Rate Pressure Product (RPP)
Estimate of myocardial oxygen demands and efficiency as well as cardiovascular disease risk; low fitness or cardiovascular compromise increases the value
Lactate Threshold
Max intensity of work that a steady state condition can e maintained; lactate accumulation ebgins to exeed removal which indicated acidity in the tissue and blood
Benefits of exercise on diabetes:
Improved insulin sensitivity and glucose control
Improved blood lipid profile
Reduced visceral fat storage
Improved cardiovascular and muscular fitness
Reduced risk for cardiovascular/peripheral vascular disease, heart attack, and stroke
Improved quality of life (QOL)
General recommendations for type 1 diabetics
- avoid exercise if fasting glucose levels are 200mg/dl or under and ketosis is present
- Use caution if fasting glucose levels are 300mg/dl or unnder without ketosis
- monitor blood glucose before and after exercise and identify when changes to food or insulin are needed
- track glycemic response to exercise conditions for future reference
- use carbs to avoid hypoglycemia
- keep fast acting carbs available for during or after exercise
- keep close eye for fatigue and metabolics shifts during exercise
- avoid high intensity when using new exercises
General recommendations for type 2 diabetes
- maintain proper pre exercise mertabolic control
- consume adequate fluids
- perform regular physical activity most days of the week
- include client appropriate aerobic and anaerobic activities
- focus on energy expenditure (min 1000kcals a week) and weight loss
- initiate exercise with appropriate acclimation periods
- work up to aerobic intensities of 60-80% HRR
- modify exercises for microvascular complications
- comply with medication recommendations and monitor blood indices appropriately
Retinopathy definition and exercise considerations
small vessel disease of the eyes
- Avoid exercises that produce high blood pressure particularly high intensity and compressive resistance training
- do not use activities that lower the head below the waist
- do not use activities that may jar the head such as plyometrics
Nephropathy definition and exercise considerations
Small vessel disease of the kidney
- Avoid moderate to heavy weightlifting
- avoid high intensity aerobic activity
- avoid holding breath during activity
- maintain adequate hydration
Peripheral neuropathy definition and exercise considerations
small vessel disease of nerve tissue
- avoid exercise that causes poundinng or repetitive strss to the feet
- select nonn weight bering exercises
- ensure proper footwear is always worn during physical activity
Guidelines for hypertension
Aerobic exercise accumulate 40-60min at 50-75% VO2max 3-5 times a week
- can lower systolic and diastolic pressure by 9mmhg over time
- lowers negative inflammatory responses
- does not have to be long duration can be 10 min spouts throughout the day
Resistance training use 12-15 reps preferably in circuit format; avoid heavy RT(under 70% per 1RM) and holding breath
- reduce salt intake
- attain adequate potassium intake
- reduce bw if necessary
- limit or avoid alcohol
General recommendations for Coronary Artery Disease
- aerobic exercise
- accumulate up to 40-60 mins of low intensity aerobic activity most days of the week. increase to a frequency of 3-4 sessions per week with an intensity of 40-75% HRR for 20-40 mins
- use 10 min warm up and cool down periods
- resistance training
- introduce resistance training with closed chain body weight activities 1 set, 15-20 reps
- circuits may include one exercise per muscle groupto start and gradually progress at clients pace
- cardiovascular measures should be monitored and RPE should be used to gauge intensity
- medication should be accounted for and used in accordance with doctors recommendations
- flexibility should be encouraged and utilizing proper breathing techniques
- avoid heavy resistance, isometric training, and breath holding during activities.
general recommendation for conjestive heart failure
- short bouts of aerobic activity 40-50% peak O2 capacity perform several times a day at least 3-5 mins
- an appropriate aerobic exercise program can improve circulation, increase the pumping capacity of the heart and positively affect heart enlargement
- incorperate RT using smaller muscle intensities of 50-60% 1 RM perform as tolerated with longer rest intervals than a normal healthy person
- RPE scale should be employed for clients since most with be on medication that block HR response
- Excessive stress should be avoided due to limited work capacity
- progression should mirror individuals tolerance and work capacity
