Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Prolonged APTT is a problem with the

A

Intrinsic pathway

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2
Q

Conditions associated with prolonged APTT

A

Haemophilias

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3
Q

Prolonged PT is a problem with the

A

Extrinsic pathway

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4
Q

Prolonged APTT and Prolonged PT

A

Common Pathway

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5
Q

Describe the steps of the intrinsic pathway and the resulting product

A
XII to XIIa 
XI to XIa
IX to IXa
IXa with the help of VIII allows the conversion of X to Xa 
Final product = Xa
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6
Q

Describe the steps of the extrinsic pathway and the resulting product

A

VII to VIIa with the assistance of TF
Conversion of X to Xa with the help of VII
Final product = Xa

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7
Q

Clotting factors that are part of the intrinsic pathway

A

12, 11, 9 and 8

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8
Q

Clotting factors that are part of the extrinsic pathway

A

Tissue Factor

7

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9
Q

Describe the steps of the common pathway and the resulting product

A

Xa (plus Va) allow the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin allows the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrin and XIIIa produce a fibrin clot
Final product = fibrin clot

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10
Q

Clotting factors that are part of the common pathway

A
10, 5 
Prothrombin (2) 
Thrombin (2a) 
Fibrinogen (1)
Fibrin (1a)
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11
Q

Factor II is also known as

A

Prothrombin

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12
Q

Factor IIa is also known as

A

Thrombin

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13
Q

Factor I is also known as

A

Fibrinogen

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14
Q

Factor Ia is also known as

A

Fibrin

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15
Q

Prothrombin is also known as

A

Factor II

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16
Q

Thrombin is also known as

A

Factor IIa

17
Q

Fibrinogen is also known as

A

Factor I

18
Q

Fibrin is also known as

A

Factor Ia

19
Q

Describe the events of fibrinolysis

A

Fibrin is degraded to FDPs which requires plasmin

Plasmin is converted from plasminogen which requires tPA

20
Q

What are involved in fibrinolysis?

What is the final product?

A

Plasmin
Plasminogen
tPA
Final Product = FDPs

21
Q

What are direct Xa inhibitors (2)?

A

Rivoroxiban

Apixaban

22
Q

Anti-thrombin III inhibits…

A

IIa (thrombin)
IXa
Xa

23
Q

General problem in microcytic anaemia

A

Cytoplasmic/haemoglobinisation defects

24
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia

A

Iron deficiency
Thalassaemia
Congenital Sideroblastic Anaemia

25
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia is a

A

Microcytic hypochromic anaemia

26
Q

General problem in macrocytic anaemia

A

Nuclear defects

27
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia

A
Megaloblastic = folate deficiency, B12 deficiency 
Normoblastic = alcohol, liver disease, hypothyroidism
28
Q

Difference between megaloblastic and normoblastic macrocytic anaemia

A

Normoblastic = no problem with DNA synthesis, large size is due to other factors e.g. increased deposition of cholesterol

29
Q

B12 deficiency anaemia is a

A

Macrocytic megaloblastic normochromic anaemia

30
Q

Anaemia in liver disease is a

A

Macrocytic normoblastic normochromic anaemia

31
Q

What form is iron absorbed into enterocytes in?

A

Fe2+

32
Q

What transporter moves iron into enterocytes?

A

DMT-1

33
Q

Where in the digestive tract is iron absorbed?

A

Duodenum

34
Q

What transporter exports iron out of the enterocytes into the blood?

A

Ferroportin

35
Q

What regulates ferroportin expression?

A

Hepicidin

36
Q

What binds iron in blood?

A

Transferrin

37
Q

What stores iron?

A

Ferritin