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J - SUGER > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What cell type releases renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells in kidney blood vessels (afferent arteriole)

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2
Q

What type of cells are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Specialised smooth muscle cells

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3
Q

What are the triggers for renin release from JG cells?

A

low blood pressure, sympathetic stimulation, low salt (via macula densa)

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4
Q

Where are macula densa cells found and what do they respond to?

A

found in DCT, respond to low salt (= low BP)

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5
Q

What messengers do macula densa cells secrete?

A

prostaglandins

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6
Q

what secretes angiotensinogen?

A

liver cells

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7
Q

how does angiotensinogen form angiontensin II?

A

renin first comes into contact in the blood, cleaves it into angiotensin 1 ACE in endothelial cells converts angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2

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8
Q

What does angiotensin 2 act upon?

A
  1. smooth muscle cells (vasoconstriction) 2. Kidney (increased water reabsorption) 3. pituitary gland (ADH) 4. adrenal gland (aldosterone)
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9
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

aortic arch, carotid sinus

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10
Q

How does ADH act?

A

acts on the collecting duct (impermeable) by causing the insertion of aquaporins vasoconstriction

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11
Q

How does aldosterone act in the kidney?

A

causes increased Na+ reabsorption, which also draws back in water

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12
Q

Where in the adrenal gland is aldosterone made?

A

cortex

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13
Q

What are the triggers for aldosterone production?

A
  1. angiotensin 2 2. high K+ in blood
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14
Q

where in the nephron does aldosterone act?

A

late DCT + collecting duct

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15
Q

what cell types are found in the collecting duct?

A

principal cells intercalated cells

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16
Q

what does aldosterone do in principal cells?

A
  1. increased action of Na+/K+ ATPase on basolateral surface 2. K+ channels added to apical surface (passive) 3. Na+ channels onto apical membrane
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17
Q

folic acid

A

found in leafy plants, yeast, liver essential for DNA formation + cell division (thymine synthesis)

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18
Q

Vitamin B12 absorption

A

absorbed by intrinsic factor (parietal cells) B12 bound to intrinsic factor binds to receptors in the ileum - endocytosis

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19
Q

blood formation hormone

A

erythropoieitin secreted by kidneys stimulates division of erythrocyte progenitor cells in marrow

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20
Q

erythropoieitin stimulant

A

stimulated by decreased O2, testosterone

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21
Q

Functions of kidneys

A
  • regulate water concentration
  • excrete metabolic waste + foreign chemicals
  • gluconeogenesis
  • endocrine (erythropoieitin, 1,25 dihydroxy vit. D) + renin
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22
Q

how much of the blood plasma filters into the bowmans capsule?

A

20%

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23
Q

filtration barrier in glomerulus

A
  • capillary endothelium (1 cell thick)
  • basement membrane
  • epithelia lining of bowmans capsule (podocytes)
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24
Q

mesangial cells

A

specialised smooth muscle surrounding capillary loops in glomerulus

25
Q

types of nephron

A

juxtaglomedullary - 15%

  • deep, vasa recta
  • form osmotic gradient

cortical - 85%

  • loops not deep
  • only reabsorption + secretion
26
Q

Net glomerular filtration pressure

A

PGC-PBS-πGC

glomerular capillary hydrostatic P

Bowmans space fluid P

osmotic force due to plasma fluid

27
Q

GFR

A

volume of fluid filtered from glomerulus into BS per unit time

determined by net filtration pressure, membrane permeability, SA

GFR proportional to membrane permeability + SA

28
Q

What is normal GFR

A

125ml/min = 180L per day

all plasma (3L) filtered 60X per day

29
Q

para/mesonephric duct

A

Mesonephric - male

paramesonephric - female

30
Q

cloaca

A

anorectal canal (dorsal) + urogenital sinus (ventral)

31
Q

mullerian/wolffian ducts

A

mullerian duct - female reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, superior 1/3 vagina)

wolffian duct - male internal genitalia (SREEVES)

32
Q

urogenital ridge forms:

A
  • pronephros (regresses)
  • mesenephros (mesonephric duct)
  • metanephros (kidney (ureteric bulge/metanephric blastema))
33
Q

Male development

A

SRY gene, gonads form testis

leydig cells - testosterone - mesonephric duct growth

sertoli cells - AMH/MIS - paramesonephric duct regression

testis descend with gubernaculum

34
Q

male derivatives

A

ureteric bud - ureter, calyces, collecting ducts

mesonephric ducts - SREEVES, trigone

urogenital sinus - bladder, prostate, bulbourethral gland, urethra

35
Q

Female development

A

No SRY gene - gonads form ovary

no testosterone - mesonephric duct regression

no AMH/MIS - paramesonephric duct grows

36
Q

Female derivatives

A

ureteric bud - ureter, calyces, collecting ducts

mesonephric ducts - trigone

paramesonephric ducts - oviducts, uterus, upper 1/3 vagina

urogenital sinus - bladder, bulbourethral glands, urethra, lower 2/3 vagina

37
Q

pregnancy hormones

A
  • progesterone
  • oestrogen
  • hCG
  • Prolactin
  • oxytocin
  • relaxin
38
Q

What secretes hCG?

A

trophoblast - forms fetal placenta

Stimulates further oestrogen+ progesterone secretion

(pregnancy test hormone)

39
Q

what does the surrounding tissue in an ovarian follicle become?

A

corpus luteum - corpus albicans

40
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone + oestrogen - prevent other follicles from maturing

41
Q

Maternal changes in pregnancy

A
  • increased HR + volume, decreased haematocrit, decreased BP (vasodilation)
  • hypotension - pressure on IVC when lying
  • urinary frequency increased
  • increased tidal volume, costal ligaments relaxed (bucket handle)
  • decreased CO2 - respiratory alkalosis
  • breast development/milk production - oestrogen/prolactin
  • increased blood clotting (increased fibrinogen)
42
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte hormone - stimulates darkening of areola + linea nigra

43
Q

menstrual cycle phases

A
  • follicular (day 1-14) - includes menstrual + proliferative phases
  • luteal (day 14-28) - includes secretory phase
44
Q

Follicular phase

A
  • GnRH release - stimulates FSH + LH release
  • LH - theca cells - release androgens into follicle
  • FSH - granulosa cells - enzyme to form estradiol from androgens
  • increased estrogen - decreased FSH, most follicles die
  • then increased estrogen - increased FSH - surge - rupture of oocyte
    *
45
Q

What releases GnRH and FSH/LH

A

GnRH - hypothalamus

FSH/LH - anterior pituitary

46
Q

luteal phase

A
  • corpus luteum continues estrogen production
  • decreased LH - granulosa cells make more progesterone
  • decreases LH/FSH (-ve feedback)
  • inhibin also released
47
Q

menstrual, proliferative, secretory phases

A
  • menstrual - old endometrial lining shed (period)
  • proliferative - high oestrogen - thickening of endometrium
    • growing endo. glands
    • spiral artery formation
    • mucus layer
  • secretory phase
    • more mucus, mucus thickens at day 15
    • corpus luteum degenerates - no hormone secretion
    • arteries collapse, shedding
48
Q
A
49
Q

Testis

A

make sperm + testosterone

seminiferous tubules lined by sertoli cells (sperm develop between these and move into lumen)

leydig cells on outside form testosterone

50
Q

spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonium divide asymmetrically - 1 primary spermatocyte, 1 more spermatogonium

meiosis 1 - 2 secondary spermatocyte (23X)

Meiosis 2 - 4 spermatids (23I)

spermiogenesis - spermatozoa

51
Q

accessory glands

A

seminal vesicles - behind bladder, add 60% volume, alkaline, glucose rich

prostate gland - prostatic fluid, increase sperm motility

bulbourethral gland - thick lubricant

52
Q

erection

A

filling with blood

cavernosal arteries + dorsal arteries fill

blood leaks out into lacunae

pushes veins against walls, restricting drainage

53
Q

penis innervation

A
  • flaccidity - sympathetic - noradrenaline - constriction of vessels
  • erection - parasympathetic - nitric oxide - vasodilation
54
Q

tunica albuginea

A

surrounds individual chambers of penis - prevents overexpansion

55
Q

ejaculation

A

excitement - signal CNS - afferent from CNS

sympathetic stimulation - noradrenaline

contracts epididymis, vas, accessory glands, ejaculatory duct

urethra smooth muscle + bulbospongiosus muscle - external urethral sphincter open

56
Q

Testosterone functions

A
  • induces mesonephric duct formation
  • increased sperm production
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • increased EPO production (kidney)
57
Q

PCT absorption

A
  • 65% absorbed in PCT
  • glucose
  • Na+
  • amino acids
  • water
58
Q

loop of henle

A

descending - passive water reabsorption (ion impermeable)

ascending - active ion reabsorption - Na+, K+, Cl- (water impermeable)

59
Q

Normal channel proteins in nephron

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase - 1o AT
    • Na+ into lumen
  • glucose/Na+ - cotransport/symport
    • glucose into cell with Na+ along Na+ gradient
  • Na+/Cl-/K+ (NKCC2) contransport
  • Na+/Cl- antiporter
    • Na+ into cell, Cl- into blood

J - SUGER (2 decks)

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