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J - SUGER > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What cell type releases renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells in kidney blood vessels (afferent arteriole)

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2
Q

What type of cells are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Specialised smooth muscle cells

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3
Q

What are the triggers for renin release from JG cells?

A

low blood pressure, sympathetic stimulation, low salt (via macula densa)

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4
Q

Where are macula densa cells found and what do they respond to?

A

found in DCT, respond to low salt (= low BP)

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5
Q

What messengers do macula densa cells secrete?

A

prostaglandins

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6
Q

what secretes angiotensinogen?

A

liver cells

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7
Q

how does angiotensinogen form angiontensin II?

A

renin first comes into contact in the blood, cleaves it into angiotensin 1 ACE in endothelial cells converts angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2

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8
Q

What does angiotensin 2 act upon?

A
  1. smooth muscle cells (vasoconstriction) 2. Kidney (increased water reabsorption) 3. pituitary gland (ADH) 4. adrenal gland (aldosterone)
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9
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

aortic arch, carotid sinus

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10
Q

How does ADH act?

A

acts on the collecting duct (impermeable) by causing the insertion of aquaporins vasoconstriction

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11
Q

How does aldosterone act in the kidney?

A

causes increased Na+ reabsorption, which also draws back in water

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12
Q

Where in the adrenal gland is aldosterone made?

A

cortex

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13
Q

What are the triggers for aldosterone production?

A
  1. angiotensin 2 2. high K+ in blood
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14
Q

where in the nephron does aldosterone act?

A

late DCT + collecting duct

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15
Q

what cell types are found in the collecting duct?

A

principal cells intercalated cells

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16
Q

what does aldosterone do in principal cells?

A
  1. increased action of Na+/K+ ATPase on basolateral surface 2. K+ channels added to apical surface (passive) 3. Na+ channels onto apical membrane
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17
Q

folic acid

A

found in leafy plants, yeast, liver essential for DNA formation + cell division (thymine synthesis)

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18
Q

Vitamin B12 absorption

A

absorbed by intrinsic factor (parietal cells) B12 bound to intrinsic factor binds to receptors in the ileum - endocytosis

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19
Q

blood formation hormone

A

erythropoieitin secreted by kidneys stimulates division of erythrocyte progenitor cells in marrow

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20
Q

erythropoieitin stimulant

A

stimulated by decreased O2, testosterone

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21
Q

Functions of kidneys

A
  • regulate water concentration
  • excrete metabolic waste + foreign chemicals
  • gluconeogenesis
  • endocrine (erythropoieitin, 1,25 dihydroxy vit. D) + renin
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22
Q

how much of the blood plasma filters into the bowmans capsule?

A

20%

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23
Q

filtration barrier in glomerulus

A
  • capillary endothelium (1 cell thick)
  • basement membrane
  • epithelia lining of bowmans capsule (podocytes)
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24
Q

mesangial cells

Study These Flashcards
A

specialised smooth muscle surrounding capillary loops in glomerulus

25
types of nephron
juxtaglomedullary - 15% * deep, vasa recta * form osmotic gradient cortical - 85% * loops not deep * only reabsorption + secretion
26
Net glomerular filtration pressure
PGC-PBS-πGC glomerular capillary hydrostatic P Bowmans space fluid P osmotic force due to plasma fluid
27
GFR
volume of fluid filtered from glomerulus into BS per unit time determined by net filtration pressure, membrane permeability, SA GFR proportional to membrane permeability + SA
28
What is normal GFR
125ml/min = 180L per day all plasma (3L) filtered 60X per day
29
para/mesonephric duct
Mesonephric - male paramesonephric - female
30
cloaca
anorectal canal (dorsal) + urogenital sinus (ventral)
31
mullerian/wolffian ducts
mullerian duct - female reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, superior 1/3 vagina) wolffian duct - male internal genitalia (SREEVES)
32
urogenital ridge forms:
* pronephros (regresses) * mesenephros (mesonephric duct) * metanephros (kidney (ureteric bulge/metanephric blastema))
33
Male development
SRY gene, gonads form testis leydig cells - testosterone - mesonephric duct growth sertoli cells - AMH/MIS - paramesonephric duct regression testis descend with gubernaculum
34
male derivatives
ureteric bud - ureter, calyces, collecting ducts mesonephric ducts - SREEVES, trigone urogenital sinus - bladder, prostate, bulbourethral gland, urethra
35
Female development
No SRY gene - gonads form ovary no testosterone - mesonephric duct regression no AMH/MIS - paramesonephric duct grows
36
Female derivatives
ureteric bud - ureter, calyces, collecting ducts mesonephric ducts - trigone paramesonephric ducts - oviducts, uterus, upper 1/3 vagina urogenital sinus - bladder, bulbourethral glands, urethra, lower 2/3 vagina
37
pregnancy hormones
* progesterone * oestrogen * hCG * Prolactin * oxytocin * relaxin
38
What secretes hCG?
trophoblast - forms fetal placenta Stimulates further oestrogen+ progesterone secretion (pregnancy test hormone)
39
what does the surrounding tissue in an ovarian follicle become?
corpus luteum - corpus albicans
40
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Progesterone + oestrogen - prevent other follicles from maturing
41
Maternal changes in pregnancy
* increased HR + volume, decreased haematocrit, decreased BP (vasodilation) * hypotension - pressure on IVC when lying * urinary frequency increased * increased tidal volume, costal ligaments relaxed (bucket handle) * decreased CO2 - respiratory alkalosis * breast development/milk production - oestrogen/prolactin * increased blood clotting (increased fibrinogen)
42
MSH
melanocyte hormone - stimulates darkening of areola + linea nigra
43
menstrual cycle phases
* follicular (day 1-14) - includes menstrual + proliferative phases * luteal (day 14-28) - includes secretory phase
44
Follicular phase
* GnRH release - stimulates FSH + LH release * LH - theca cells - release androgens into follicle * FSH - granulosa cells - enzyme to form estradiol from androgens * increased estrogen - decreased FSH, most follicles die * then increased estrogen - increased FSH - surge - rupture of oocyte *
45
What releases GnRH and FSH/LH
GnRH - hypothalamus FSH/LH - anterior pituitary
46
luteal phase
* corpus luteum continues estrogen production * decreased LH - granulosa cells make more progesterone * decreases LH/FSH (-ve feedback) * inhibin also released
47
menstrual, proliferative, secretory phases
* menstrual - old endometrial lining shed (period) * proliferative - high oestrogen - thickening of endometrium * growing endo. glands * spiral artery formation * mucus layer * secretory phase * more mucus, mucus thickens at day 15 * corpus luteum degenerates - no hormone secretion * arteries collapse, shedding
48
49
Testis
make sperm + testosterone seminiferous tubules lined by sertoli cells (sperm develop between these and move into lumen) leydig cells on outside form testosterone
50
spermatogenesis
spermatogonium divide asymmetrically - 1 primary spermatocyte, 1 more spermatogonium meiosis 1 - 2 secondary spermatocyte (23X) Meiosis 2 - 4 spermatids (23I) spermiogenesis - spermatozoa
51
accessory glands
seminal vesicles - behind bladder, add 60% volume, alkaline, glucose rich prostate gland - prostatic fluid, increase sperm motility bulbourethral gland - thick lubricant
52
erection
filling with blood cavernosal arteries + dorsal arteries fill blood leaks out into lacunae pushes veins against walls, restricting drainage
53
penis innervation
* flaccidity - sympathetic - noradrenaline - constriction of vessels * erection - parasympathetic - nitric oxide - vasodilation
54
tunica albuginea
surrounds individual chambers of penis - prevents overexpansion
55
ejaculation
excitement - signal CNS - afferent from CNS sympathetic stimulation - noradrenaline contracts epididymis, vas, accessory glands, ejaculatory duct urethra smooth muscle + bulbospongiosus muscle - external urethral sphincter open
56
Testosterone functions
* induces mesonephric duct formation * increased sperm production * secondary sex characteristics * increased EPO production (kidney)
57
PCT absorption
* 65% absorbed in PCT * glucose * Na+ * amino acids * water
58
loop of henle
descending - passive water reabsorption (ion impermeable) ascending - active ion reabsorption - Na+, K+, Cl- (water impermeable)
59
Normal channel proteins in nephron
* Na+/K+ ATPase - 1o AT * Na+ into lumen * glucose/Na+ - cotransport/symport * glucose into cell with Na+ along Na+ gradient * Na+/Cl-/K+ (NKCC2) contransport * Na+/Cl- antiporter * Na+ into cell, Cl- into blood

J - SUGER (2 decks)

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