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y3 haematology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Specialised fluid composed of cells suspended in a liquid called plasma

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cell?

A

Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets

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3
Q

Describe the process of budding in platelets

A

Platelets form on periphery of megakaryocyte

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4
Q

What are the main components of plasma?

A

Water (90%)
Proteins (mostly albumin, Ig, clotting factors)
Nutrients
Salts

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of white cells?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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6
Q

List the main granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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7
Q

List the main agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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8
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport oxygen
Buffer CO2
Buffer H+

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9
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Prevent bleeding

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10
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Fight infection and pathology

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11
Q

What is the process by which blood cells are produced, and what cell produces them?

A

Haemopoiesis from pleuripotent stem cells

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12
Q

Where are the sites of haematopoiesis in the embryo?

A

Yolk sac
Liver
Spleen

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13
Q

Where are the sites of haematopoiesis from birth to maturity?

A

Bone marrow
Liver (when needed)
Spleen (when needed)

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14
Q

Where are the sites of haematopoiesis in the adult?

A

Bone marrow of skull, ribs, sternum, pelvis and proximal femur

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15
Q

What processes have to occur to a stem cell in order to make blood?

A

Proliferation
Differentiation
Self-renewal
Quiescence

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16
Q

Outline the cell stages of erythropoiesis

A

Pronormoblast - early normoblast - intermediate normoblast - late normoblast - reticulocyte - erythrocyte

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a neutrophil

A 
Segmented nucleus (polymorph)
Neutral-staining granules
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18
Q

What are the functions of a neutrophil?

A

Phagocytose invaders
Attract other immune cells
Increased by body stress e.g. infection

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19
Q

Describe the structure of a eosinophil

A

Bi-lobed

Bright orange-red granules

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20
Q

What are the functions of an eosinophil?

A

Fight parasitic infections

Involved in hypersensitivity

21
Q

Describe the structure of a basophil

A

Infrequent in circulation

Large deep purple granules with obscured nucleus

22
Q

What are the functions of a basophil?

A

Circulating version of a mast cell (contains histamine)

Mediates hypersensitivity

23
Q

Describe the structure of a monocyte

A

Large single nucleus (‘horseshoe’)
Faintly staining granules, often vacuolated
Grey stained cytoplasm

24
Q

What are the functions of a monocyte?

A

Enter tissues and become macrophages
Phagocytose invaders
Attract other immune cells
Live longer than neutrophils

25
Q

Describe the structure of a lymphocyte

A

Mature: small with condensed nucleus and cytoplasm
Activated: blue cytoplasm extending neighbouring red cells with more open nucleus

26
Q

What are the functions of a lymphocyte?

A

Numerous subtypes and functions (B, T, NK)

Cognate response

27
Q

What methods can be used to identify primitive precursors?

A

Immunophenotype (antigen on cell surface)

Bio-assay (culture in vitro)

28
Q

What is a common site for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy?

A

Posterior iliac crest

29
Q

Do red blood cells have a nucleus and/or mitochondria?

A

No nucleus or mitochondria, thus no DNA either

30
Q

Why do red cells need energy in the form of ATP?

A

To maintain ion concentration and keep water out

31
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin and give the binding site for oxygen

A

Tetrameric globular protein
Heme group Fe2+ in flat porphyrin ring
One heme per subgroup

Fe2+ group

32
Q

What happens to old red blood cells?

A

Phagocytic cells of the liver and spleen engulf old red blood cells

33
Q

What happens to the haem group of broken down red blood cells?

A

Converted into iron and bilirubin that is conjugated by the liver
Globin chains converted into amino acids

34
Q

Which hormone regulates erythrocyte production?

A

Erythropoietin

35
Q

What stimulates erythropoietin release by the kidney?

A

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity (hypoxia) of erythrocytes

36
Q

Which molecule prevents Fe2+ oxidising into Fe3+

A

NADH

37
Q

How do red blood cells synthesise ATP/energy? N.B. remember no mitochondria

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

38
Q

Which compound is produced when there is reduced phosphate in the blood? What effect does this compound exert?

A

2,3-BPG

This releases O2 from Hb

39
Q

Glutathione is a tripeptide consisting of which amino acids?

A

Glutamate
Cysteine
Glycine

40
Q

What does glutathione protect against?

A

Toxic effects of oxygen free radicals, mostly hydrogen peroxide

41
Q

In what 3 forms is CO2 transferred to the lungs?

A 
Physically dissolved into solution (10%)
Bound to Hb (30%)
As bicarbonate (60%)
42
Q

Which enzyme is vital for CO2 transport?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

43
Q

How does the composition of adult and foetal Hb differ?

A

Foetal: alpha2-gamma2
Adult: alpha2-beta2

44
Q

Foetal Hb has a higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb. True/False?

A

True

45
Q

Foetal Hb has a higher affinity for 2,3-BPG than adult Hb. True/False? What is the effect of this on the dissociation curve?

A

False
Foetal Hb has less affinity for 2,3-BPG than adult Hb, favouring O2 transfer from mother to foetus during pregnancy
Sigmoidal curve moves to the left in FHb (saturates more at same oxygen concentration)

46
Q

Describe the process of cooperative binding in term of oxygen attaching to haemoglobin

A

Oxygen binding has an allosteric effect - as one oxygen binds to subunit, haemoglobin shape changes which increases affinity for further oxygen molecules

47
Q

What does a right shift in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

A

A right shift indicates decreased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin allowing more oxygen to be available to the tissues
e.g. increased temperature, increased 2,3-DPG, increased H+ (reduced pH)

48
Q

What does a left shift in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

A

A left shift indicates increased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin allowing less oxygen to be available to the tissues
e.g. reduced temperature, reduced 2,3-DPG, reduced H+ (increased pH)

y3 haematology (16 decks)

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