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Y3 HAEMATOLOGY > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Specialised fluid composed of cells suspended in a liquid called plasma

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cell?

A

Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets

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3
Q

Describe the process of budding in platelets

A

Platelets form on periphery of megakaryocyte

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4
Q

What are the main components of plasma?

A

Water (90%)
Proteins (mostly albumin, Ig, clotting factors)
Nutrients
Salts

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of white cells?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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6
Q

List the main granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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7
Q

List the main agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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8
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport oxygen
Buffer CO2
Buffer H+

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9
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Prevent bleeding

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10
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Fight infection and pathology

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11
Q

What is the process by which blood cells are produced, and what cell produces them?

A

Haemopoiesis from pleuripotent stem cells

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12
Q

Where are the sites of haematopoiesis in the embryo?

A

Yolk sac
Liver
Spleen

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13
Q

Where are the sites of haematopoiesis from birth to maturity?

A

Bone marrow
Liver (when needed)
Spleen (when needed)

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14
Q

Where are the sites of haematopoiesis in the adult?

A

Bone marrow of skull, ribs, sternum, pelvis and proximal femur

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15
Q

What processes have to occur to a stem cell in order to make blood?

A

Proliferation
Differentiation
Self-renewal
Quiescence

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16
Q

Outline the cell stages of erythropoiesis

A

Pronormoblast - early normoblast - intermediate normoblast - late normoblast - reticulocyte - erythrocyte

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a neutrophil

A 
Segmented nucleus (polymorph)
Neutral-staining granules
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18
Q

What are the functions of a neutrophil?

A

Phagocytose invaders
Attract other immune cells
Increased by body stress e.g. infection

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19
Q

Describe the structure of a eosinophil

A

Bi-lobed

Bright orange-red granules

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20
Q

What are the functions of an eosinophil?

A

Fight parasitic infections

Involved in hypersensitivity

21
Q

Describe the structure of a basophil

A

Infrequent in circulation

Large deep purple granules with obscured nucleus

22
Q

What are the functions of a basophil?

A

Circulating version of a mast cell (contains histamine)

Mediates hypersensitivity

23
Q

Describe the structure of a monocyte

A

Large single nucleus (‘horseshoe’)
Faintly staining granules, often vacuolated
Grey stained cytoplasm

24
Q

What are the functions of a monocyte?

A

Enter tissues and become macrophages
Phagocytose invaders
Attract other immune cells
Live longer than neutrophils

25
Describe the structure of a lymphocyte
Mature: small with condensed nucleus and cytoplasm Activated: blue cytoplasm extending neighbouring red cells with more open nucleus
26
What are the functions of a lymphocyte?
Numerous subtypes and functions (B, T, NK) | Cognate response
27
What methods can be used to identify primitive precursors?
Immunophenotype (antigen on cell surface) | Bio-assay (culture in vitro)
28
What is a common site for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy?
Posterior iliac crest
29
Do red blood cells have a nucleus and/or mitochondria?
No nucleus or mitochondria, thus no DNA either
30
Why do red cells need energy in the form of ATP?
To maintain ion concentration and keep water out
31
Describe the structure of haemoglobin and give the binding site for oxygen
Tetrameric globular protein Heme group Fe2+ in flat porphyrin ring One heme per subgroup Fe2+ group
32
What happens to old red blood cells?
Phagocytic cells of the liver and spleen engulf old red blood cells
33
What happens to the haem group of broken down red blood cells?
Converted into iron and bilirubin that is conjugated by the liver Globin chains converted into amino acids
34
Which hormone regulates erythrocyte production?
Erythropoietin
35
What stimulates erythropoietin release by the kidney?
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity (hypoxia) of erythrocytes
36
Which molecule prevents Fe2+ oxidising into Fe3+
NADH
37
How do red blood cells synthesise ATP/energy? N.B. remember no mitochondria
Anaerobic glycolysis
38
Which compound is produced when there is reduced phosphate in the blood? What effect does this compound exert?
2,3-BPG | This releases O2 from Hb
39
Glutathione is a tripeptide consisting of which amino acids?
Glutamate Cysteine Glycine
40
What does glutathione protect against?
Toxic effects of oxygen free radicals, mostly hydrogen peroxide
41
In what 3 forms is CO2 transferred to the lungs?
``` Physically dissolved into solution (10%) Bound to Hb (30%) As bicarbonate (60%) ```
42
Which enzyme is vital for CO2 transport?
Carbonic anhydrase
43
How does the composition of adult and foetal Hb differ?
Foetal: alpha2-gamma2 Adult: alpha2-beta2
44
Foetal Hb has a higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb. True/False?
True
45
Foetal Hb has a higher affinity for 2,3-BPG than adult Hb. True/False? What is the effect of this on the dissociation curve?
False Foetal Hb has less affinity for 2,3-BPG than adult Hb, favouring O2 transfer from mother to foetus during pregnancy Sigmoidal curve moves to the left in FHb (saturates more at same oxygen concentration)
46
Describe the process of cooperative binding in term of oxygen attaching to haemoglobin
Oxygen binding has an allosteric effect - as one oxygen binds to subunit, haemoglobin shape changes which increases affinity for further oxygen molecules
47
What does a right shift in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?
A right shift indicates decreased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin allowing more oxygen to be available to the tissues e.g. increased temperature, increased 2,3-DPG, increased H+ (reduced pH)
48
What does a left shift in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?
A left shift indicates increased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin allowing less oxygen to be available to the tissues e.g. reduced temperature, reduced 2,3-DPG, reduced H+ (increased pH)

Y3 HAEMATOLOGY (16 decks)

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