Physiology Flashcards
The large intestine is the principal site of dietary nutrient reabsorption. True/False?
False
Small intestine is the principle site of dietary nutrient absorption
What are the main functions of the large intestine?
Reabsorbs fluid + electrolytes
Stores faecal matter
The exocrine and endocrine “parts” of the pancreas are both part of the GI system. True/False?
False
Only the exocrine pancreas is part of the GI system
Name some accessory structures of the GI tract
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
Which muscle - smooth or skeletal - is predominant in the motility of the GI tract?
Smooth muscle
Which parts of the GI tract are under skeletal muscle control?
Mouth + pharynx
Upper oesophagus
External anal sphincter
Name two polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Name two disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Name three monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are proteins broken down into?
Amino acids
Dipeptides
Tripeptides
The apical membrane of an enterocyte faces the lumen. True/False?
True
Which membrane of an enterocyte faces the blood?
Basolateral membrane
What are the 4 main layers of the GI tract wall, from innermost to outermost?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
What is the function of epithelial cells in the mucosa?
Absorption
What is the importance/function of the muscularis mucosa?
Can change shape/SA to facilitate absorption
What does contraction of circular muscle do to the lumen of the digestive tract?
Makes it narrower and longer
What does contraction of longitudinal muscle do to the lumen of the digestive tract?
Makes it shorter and fatter
What is the function of gap junctions between adjacent smooth muscle cells?
Enable slow wave of contraction to spread across smooth muscle sheet
Which cells drive slow wave electrical activity?
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs)
What type of cells are ICCs?
Pacemaker cells
What must happen for ICCs to produce contraction?
Slow wave amplitude must reach threshold to trigger an action potential
The upstroke of the AP generated by ICCs is mediated by Na+ influx. True/False?
False
Mediated by Ca++ influx through Ca++ channels
The force of contraction in the GI tract is related to the number of action potentials discharged from ICCs. True/False?
True
The more APs fired, the greater the force of contraction
What determines the basal electrical rhythm of the digestive tract?
Slow wave electrical activity
All slow waves trigger contraction. True/False?
False
Threshold must be reached first
What is the net direction of luminal contents in the small intestine? Why?
Aboral direction
Fduodenum greater than Fileum
What is the net direction of luminal contents in the large intestine? Why?
Oral direction
Fdistalcolon greater than Fproximalcolon in order to allow some reabsorption to take place
What connects myenteric and submucosal plexi?
Interganglionic fibre tracts
What is the nervous system of the gut called?
Enteric nervous system
The parasympathetic system plays a bigger role in the enteric nervous system than the sympathetic system. True/False?
True
Parasympathetic outflow is thoraco-lumbar. True/False?
False
Cranio-sacral
Which nerve provides parasympathetic cranial outflow?
Vagus nerve
Which nerve provides parasympathetic sacral outflow?
Pelvic nerves
Post-ganglionic neurones are essentially intrinsic to the ENS. True/False?
True
Name a local nerve reflex of the GI tract
Peristalsis
Name a short nerve reflex of the GI tract
Intestino-intestinal reflex
What is the intestino-intestinal reflex?
Overdistention in one area of the intestine causes relaxation in the rest of the intestine
Name a long nerve reflex of the GI tract
Gastroileal reflex
What is the gastroileal reflex?
Stomach signals increase motility of the ileum - open the ileocaecal valve to empty chyme to prepare ileum to receive fresh chyme from the stomach
What happens to the propulsive (oral) segment in peristalsis?
Circular muscle contracts
Longitudinal muscle relaxes
What happens to the receiving (aboral) segment in peristalsis?
Circular muscle relaxes
Longitudinal muscle contracts
Which substances mediate contraction of circular/longitudinal muscle?
ACh
Substance P
Which substances mediate relaxation of circular/longitudinal muscle?
VIP
NO
What is the process of segmentation called in the large intestine?
Haustration
The upper oesophageal sphincter is controlled by smooth muscle. True/False?
False
Skeletal muscle
The lower oesophageal sphincter is controlled by smooth muscle. True/False?
True
Which anal sphincter - internal or external - is controlled by skeletal muscle?
External anal sphincter
Which receptors are stimulated when food reaches the pharynx? What do they do?
Pharyngeal pressure receptors send afferent impulses to the swallowing centre in the medulla
In swallowing, what happens to the larynx? Why?
Elevates to prevent food from entering the trachea
In peristalsis, circular fibres in front of the bolus contract. True/False?
False
Circular muscle behind the bolus contracts
What happens if food becomes lodged in the oesophagus?
Secondary peristaltic wave, more forceful than the first, is triggered locally
What are the 3 major pairs of salivary glands and their locations?
Parotids - over the masseter below ears
Submandibular - lower edge of mandible
Sublingual - under tongue
Sublingual salivary gland contribute towards 70% of saliva. True/False?
False
Submandibular gland contributes 70% of saliva
How much saliva is contributed to by the parotid glands?
25%
What are the antibacterial components of saliva?
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Immunoglobulins
What is xerostomia?
Dry mouth syndrome due to inadequate production of saliva
Primary saliva secretion occurs from where?
Acinus
Secondary saliva secretion occurs from where?
Duct cells
What does the primary saliva secretion consist of?
Na, K, Cl and HCO3
How is the primary saliva secretion modified by duct cells?
Remove Na and Cl
Add some K and HCO3
Diluted as no H2O movement
NaCl content of saliva is lower than that of the plasma. True/False?
True
Glucose content of saliva is higher than that of the plasma. True/False?
False
No glucose in saliva
When flow rate is high, HCO3 content of the saliva increases. True/False?
True
How does the simple (unconditioned) reflex stimulate salivary glands to increase saliva production?
Pressure receptors in mouth activate in presence of food and sent afferent impulses to salivary centre in the medulla
How does the conditioned reflex stimulate salivary glands to increase saliva production?
Think/smell/see food activates cerebral cortex which activates salivary centre in the medulla
Which nerves carry parasympathetic innervation of saliva production control?
Facial nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation upon saliva production?
Large volume
Watery
Enzyme rich
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation upon saliva production?
Low volume
Thick
Mucus rich
What are the 4 main anatomical areas of the stomach?
Fundus
Body
Antrum
Pylorus
Where does most mixing/churning of food take place in the stomach?
Antrum
What is the substance produced when food mixes with gastric secretions?
Chyme
Name a substance which can be absorbed by the stomach
Ethanol
Thickness of smooth muscle lining decreases distally in the stomach. True/False?
False
Increasing thickness distally (antrum thickness greater than fundus thickness)
What occurs in Retropulsion?
Peristaltic wave forces chyme against closed pyloric sphincter, so chyme bounces back and undergoes more mixing
Name 2 gastric factors promoting gastric emptying
Volume of chyme (larger volume increases motility due to distention)
Consistency of chyme (thinner liquid facilitates emptying)
Which 2 duodenal factors delay gastric emptying?
Enterogastric reflex
Release of enterogastrones
What is the enterogastric reflex?
Duodenum signals to stomach that it has enough chyme so slow down emptying/peristaltic contraction
What is the effect of enterogastrones on gastric emptying?
CCK and secretin release from duodenum inhibit stomach contraction
Where is the pyloric gland area located?
Antrum