Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Reproduction, Physiology And Development > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

analysis of the function of living organisms; applies physical and chemical methods to biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

comparative

A

study of the diversity and modulation of highly conserved properties of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

comparative physiology contributes to:

A

ecology - describes adaptations to diverse environment

evolution - correlates function with structure which can help determine relatedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

adaptation

A

a trait that improves an organisms performance (fitness) in its environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

homeostasis

A

any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 functional components to homeostasis

A
  1. receptor - takes in sensory information
  2. control center - determines the set point and regulates the body’s response
  3. effector - carries out the response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

doping drugs

A
  • PEDS
  • Anabolic steroids
  • HGH
  • EPO - erythropoietin
  • Testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peds

A

build muscle mass and strength
increase oxygen delivery to exercising tissue
mask pain and injury
decrease weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

anabolic steroids

A

stumulate muscle and bone cells to make new protein by changing gene expression
increases protein synthesis capacity of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Testosterone

A

causes male reproductive and secondary sex traits
side effects:
males- balding, infertility
females- facial hair, thicken vocal cords
general- increased heart disease, liver cancer, kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HGH

A 
naturally occurring protein
produced by pituitary gland
stimulates bone and muscle growth and reduces body fat
side effects:
type 1 diabetes
acromegaly- overgrowth of hands, feet and face
heart problems
kidney failure with long term use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

influence of physics on physiology:

A
  1. gravity - circulation, movement and locomotion

2. surface area: volume - respiration, digestion, water balance, thermoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

isometric scaling

A

everything grows in proportion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

allometry

A

the study of differential growth; biological scaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

if body temp is too high…

A

proteins denature
inadequate O2 supply (affinity for Hb decreases with increasing temperature)
membrane structure alterations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if body temp is too low …

A

metabolism isn’t fast enough to maintain homeostasis
freezing of cells
inadequate O2 supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4 methods of human heat exchange:

A
  1. Radiation - infared wavelength without contact 60% heat loss
  2. Conduction - direct transfer 3%
  3. Convection - air/fluid across body surface 15%
  4. Evaporation - water from body surface 22%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

poikilotherms

A

ectotherms - temp fluctuates with environment (conformers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

homeotherms

A

endotherms - constant body temp (regulators), heat derived from metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

poikilotherm (ectotherm) benefits:

A

5x slower metabolic rate than homeotherms
can devote larger proportion of energy budget to reproduction
good colonisers of poor/arid environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

poikilotherm (ectotherm) costs:

A

no nocturnal environmental niches

cannot sustain high activity bursts - go to anaerobic = high lactic acid = rapid fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

homeotherm benefits:

A

can sustain high activity bursts
nocturnal activity in all habitats
able to exploit colder habitats
forage widely and migrate over long distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

homeotherm costs

A

require large body sizes with relatively low SA;Volume
fast metabolic rate
bad colonisers of poor/arid environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

thermoneutral zone

A

range of temps in which the animal doesn’t have to expend energy to maintain body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

hyperthermia

A

when evaporative cooling cannot counteract heat gain; body temp is above normal and cannot be reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

vasoconstriction (warms)

A

diameter of blood vessel decreases
blood flow to skin decreases
less heat lost to environment
raises internal temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

shivering

A

skeletal muscles consume ATP and generate heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

countercurrent heat exchange

A

hot artery flows by colder veins and exchanges heat so cold blood doesn’t flow to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

brown fat

A

has lots of mitochondria and a richer blood supply - new borns and hibernators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

hormones that increase cellular metabolism:

A

Adrenaline - released from adrenal medulla, stimulate flight or fight which increases heart rate
Thyroxine - hypothalamus signals thyroid to release thyroxine = elevates metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

vasodilation (cools)

A

blood vessels dilate

blood moved to skin and blood heat is lost to environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

2 main concerns of water balance:

A
  1. balance uptake of water from and loss to external environment
  2. reduce build up of toxic by products of metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

passive movement

A

along a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

active movement

A

add energy to move against concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

influences of rate of passive movement

A 
membranes
size of ion
temp of solution
electrical charge of ion
concentration gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

osmolarity equation

A

(particles/molecule of solute) x (moles/litres)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

tonicity

A

the relative concentration of solutes dissolved in solution which determine the direction and extent of diffusion, refers to the behaviour of a cell in a solution

38
Q

hypertonic environment

A

cells will shrink

39
Q

hypotonic environment

A

water enters cell = cell may possibly burst

40
Q

hypo-osmotic

A

tissue osmolarity is less than the cell = high H20 gradient, water moves out of cell

41
Q

hyper-osmotic

A

tissue osmolarity higher than cell, water moves into cell§

42
Q

iso-osmotic

A

osmolarity of tissues and cell is equal

43
Q

marine teleost

A

hypo-osmotic to ambient water
high salt environment
lose water to environment via osmosis
salt gain by diffusion in gills

44
Q

getting rid of salt: chloride cells in gills

A
  1. Na/K ATPase builds huge gradient using ATP
  2. Na/K ATPase pump Na out of Cl cell
  3. Na/Cl symporter moves 1 Na and 2 Cl into cell
45
Q

fresh water teleost

A 
hyper osmotic to ambient water
low salt environment
salt lost by diffusion
water uptake by osmosis
active uptake of Na and Cl
46
Q

Ammonia - bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, aquatic invertebrates

A

toxic
free to make
highly soluble in water

47
Q

urea - mammals, most amphibians, cartilaginous fish

A

less toxic than ammonia

requires energy: 1.5 ATP

48
Q

uric acid - birds, insects, reptiles

A

insoluble in H2O
excreted as semi solid - allowing organism to conserve water
not toxic
requires energy: 5 ATP

49
Q

generalised excretory organs:

A

kidneys
Malpighian tubules
contractile vacuoles
nephridia

50
Q

specialised excretory organs:

A

salt glands, gills, liver - porphyrin, rectal glands

51
Q

metabolic waste disposal, 3 steps:

A
  1. FILTRATION - blood fluids collected, some solutes returned in the body, others stay in the filtrate
  2. REABSORPTION - selective transport of needed filtered substances back to tissue fluid/blood to be circulated in the body
  3. SECRETION - filtrate joined by unneeded substances from the blood and tissue fluid
52
Q

contracting vacuoles

A

pump water out of the cell

maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell

53
Q

2 main divisions of kidney

A

cortex and medulla

54
Q

cortex contains

A

convoluted tubules
glomeruli
bowman’s capsule

55
Q

medulla

A

collecting ducts

long loops of henle

56
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

collect water and uric acid from blood
epithelium pumps solutes from haemolymph to tubule lumen
empties into midgut
water and useful materials reabsorbed by hindgut
salt reabsorbed from rectum
water moves in via osmosis
nitrogenous waste eliminated with faeces

57
Q

regional homeothermy

A
  • core body temp: narrow margins

- peripheral body temp: limbs etc, varies considerably

58
Q

thermoregulation methods:

A
  • behavioural control; repositioning body in the environment to control temp
  • physiological control; neural responses (immediate) - e.g. shivering, sweating; acclimatisation responses (long-term) - e.g. changes in insulation
59
Q

in hot environments endotherms maintain normal temp by:

A

limiting heat gain and increasing heat dissipation

60
Q

limiting heat gain - large animals

A

low SA;Volume ratio - take longer to heat up

have thicker pelage - insulate body from external heating

61
Q

increasing heat dissipation

A 
conduction, convection, radiation
thin cuticle
highly vascularised
lightly insulated
large surface areas
allen's rule - warmer climate = larger size of appendages
62
Q

sweating

A

extrusion of water through sweat glands onto the skin

  • passive
  • high salt loss
  • no convection
  • no effect on blood pH
63
Q

panting

A

evaporative cooling through the respiratory system surfaces
- active (requires muscle contraction)
- no salt loss
- convection - increases cooling
- increased ventilation = increased pH
can cool brain during periods of high levels of activity

64
Q

endotherms coping with cold environments

A

increasing heat production (thermogenesis)

limiting heat loss

65
Q

effects of freezing:

A
  • drastic reduction in gas diffusion
  • drastic reduction in enzyme function
  • osmotic dehydration due to freezing of extracellular wall
66
Q

bergman’s rule

A

increased size with increased cold temp

67
Q

2 strategies of dealing with freezing temps

A
  1. freeze avoiding/supercooling

2. freeze tolerance

68
Q

freeze avoidance/supercooling

A

an increase in solutes reduces freezing point
e.g. insects:
produce high amounts of glycerol
lowers freezing point
willow gallfly larvae can supercool to -60!

69
Q

Freeze tolerance

A

ability to tolerate freezing of extracellular fluids

cryoprotectants reduce ice crystal formation

70
Q

endocrine and exocrine functions

A 
controls activities that require long duration:
metabolism
osmoregulation and digestion
growth and development
reproduction
71
Q

endocrine

A

glands, blood or lymph, circulate round whole body

72
Q

exocrine glands

A

ducts, epithelial surface

73
Q

holometabolous

A

complete metamorphosis

74
Q

hemimetabolous

A

incomplete metamorphosis

75
Q

corpora allata

A

endocrine gland which generates juvenile hormone - plays crucial role in metamorphosis

76
Q

key components of the insect endocrine system:

A

neurosecretory cells
corpora cardiaca
corpora allata
prothoracic glands

77
Q

neurosecretory cells

A

translate neural signal into chemical stimuli; produce secretions called neurohormones; large cell nucleus

78
Q

corpora cardiaca

A

a neurohemal organ that stores brain neurohormones

79
Q

prothoracic glands

A

secrete a hormone called ecdysone under stimulation of the brain hormone

80
Q

major insect hormone types

A

neurohormones
ecdysteriods
juvenile hormone
prothoracicotrophic hormone

81
Q

neurohormones

A 
most diverse class
regulate various developmental and metabolic processes
82
Q

ecdysteriods

A

moulting and sex hormones

83
Q

prothoracicotrophic hormones

A

act on prothoracic glands which release ecdysone

84
Q

ecdysis

A

moulting - controlled by ecdysone

85
Q

juvenile hormone

A

secreted by corpora allata
regulates developmental transition
regulates egg production and mating behaviour

86
Q

pupation occurs when

A

juvenile hormone levels decline and ecdysone levels are high - at minimum juvenile hormone levels adult forms

87
Q

vitellogenesis

A

production of yolk proteins transferred into the egg

88
Q

oviposition

A

egg laying

89
Q

semiochemicals

A

small organic compounds that transmit chemical messages
used by insects for intra- and inter- species communication
receptors usually located on sensilla hairs on legs or antennae

90
Q

aerobic respiration equation

A

glucose + oxygen –> CO2 + ATP

Animal Reproduction, Physiology And Development (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions