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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what modifies respiration

A

the pons

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2
Q

what modifies resp rhythm

A

medulla

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3
Q

what are the peripheral chemoreceptors

A

carotid bodies

aortic bodies

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4
Q

what so the peripheral chemoreceptors do

A

sense tension of oxygen and carbon dioxide and [H+] in the blood

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5
Q

where are the central chemoreceptors located

A

medulla of the brainstem

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6
Q

how do the central chemoreceptors work

A

respond to [H+] of the CSF

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7
Q

what is the most potent stimulant of respiration in normal people

A

Arterial PCO2 acting
through the central
chemoreceptors ([H+] in CSF)

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8
Q

what receptors does hypoxia affect

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

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9
Q

when are the peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated in regards to hypoxia

A

<8.0 kPa

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10
Q

what does and does not cross the blood brain barrier

A

H+ doesn’t

CO2 does

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11
Q

what plays a major role in adjusting for acidosis

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

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12
Q

what can cause acidosis

A

lactic acid during exercise

diabetic ketoacidosis

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13
Q

how do the peripheral chemoreceptors correct acidosis

A

stimulation by H+ causes hyperventilation and increases elimination of CO2 from the body

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14
Q

what does inspiration depend on

A

muscle contraction

- is an active process

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15
Q

what nerve controls the diaphargm

A

phrenic nerve

- cervical 3,4 and 5

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16
Q

what muscles are involved in inspiration

A

diaphragm

external intercostal muscles

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17
Q

what are muscles of active expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles

abdominal muscles

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18
Q

what 3 pressures are important in ventilation

A

atmospheric pressure
intra-alveolar pressure
intrapleural pressure

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19
Q

what are the forces keeping the alveoli open

A

transmural pressure gradient

pulmonary surfactant

alveolar interdependence

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20
Q

what are the forces promoting alveolar collapse

A

elasticity of stretched pulmonary connective tissue fibres

alveolar surface tension

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21
Q

what type of stimulation causes broncho-constriction

A

parasympathetic

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22
Q

what type of stimulation causes broncho-dilation

A

sympathetic

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23
Q

how is intrapleural pressure affected during respiration

A

falls during inspiration

rises during expiration

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24
Q

what is compliance

A

measure of effort that has to go into stretching or distending the lungs

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25
what is the O2 partial pressure
60mmHg
26
what is the CO2 partial pressure
6mmHg
27
what factors can affect gas exchange
decreased surface area increased thickness decreased perfusion
28
what is cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
29
how is CO calculated
CO = SV x HR
30
what is stroke volume
the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per heart beat”
31
how is SV calculated
End Diastolic Volume (EDV) – End Systolic Volume (ESV)
32
what can bring about changes in SV
changes in the diastolic length of myocardial fibres
33
what is preload
EDV | the volume of blood within each ventricle at the end of diastole
34
what determines EDV
venous return
35
what relationship does the Frank-Starling mechanism describe
the relationship between venous return, EDV and SV
36
what does Frank-Starling mechanism describe
the more the ventricle is filled with blood during diastole (EDV), the greater the volume of ejected blood will be during the resulting systolic contraction (SV)
37
causes of left side HF
pulmonary capillary congestion | pulmonary oedema
38
how is left sided HF caused
Stimulation of J-receptors + impaired gas exchange + decreased lung compliance
39
what is the primary factor which determines the percent saturation of Hb
Po2
40
what does anaemia lead to
impairs the o2 carrying capacity of the blood increased CO
41
what is tidal volume
Volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath
42
what is inspiratory reserve volume
Extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the typical resting tidal volume
43
what is inspiratory capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quiet expiration
44
what is expiratory reserve volume
Extra volume of air that can be actively expired by maximal contraction beyond the normal volume of air after a resting tidal volume
45
what is residual volume
Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration
46
what is functional residual capacity
Volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration (FRC = ERV + RV)
47
what is vital capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration (VC = IRV + TV + ERV)
48
what is total lung capacity
Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold (TLC = VC + RV)
49
what is FEV1
forced expiratory volume in one second
50
what is FVC
maximum volume that can be forcibly Expelled from the lungs following a maximum inspiration
51
what would the spirometry results be in an airway obstructive disease
FVC - low or normal FEV1 - low FEV1/FVC - low
52
what would the spirometry results be in a lung restrictive disease
FVC - low FEV1 - low FEV1/FVC - normal
53
what would the spirometry results be in a restrictive and obstructive disease
FVC - low FEV1 - low FEV1/FVC - low
54
what is the normal range of PaCO2
4.7-6 kPA
55
what does a high PaCO2 indicate
respiratory acidosis
56
what does a low PaCO2 indicate
respiratory alkalosis
57
how does PaCO2 play into metabolic alkalosis
body will try to compensate by raising PaCO2 (by hypoventilating)
58
how does PaCO2 play into metabolic acidosis
body will try to compensate by lowering PaCO2 (by hyperventilating)
59
what is base excess a measure of
metabolic acidosis or alkalosis
60
what does a negative BE indicate
metabolic acidosis
61
what does a positive BE indicate
metabolic alkalosis
62
how does the kidneys play into resp acidosis
try to compensate by creating metabolic alkalosis (by retaining bicarbonate)
63
how does the kidneys play into resp alkalosis
try to compensate by creating metabolic acidosis (by excreting bicarbonate)

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