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Transition SB > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what modifies respiration

A

the pons

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2
Q

what modifies resp rhythm

A

medulla

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3
Q

what are the peripheral chemoreceptors

A

carotid bodies

aortic bodies

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4
Q

what so the peripheral chemoreceptors do

A

sense tension of oxygen and carbon dioxide and [H+] in the blood

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5
Q

where are the central chemoreceptors located

A

medulla of the brainstem

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6
Q

how do the central chemoreceptors work

A

respond to [H+] of the CSF

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7
Q

what is the most potent stimulant of respiration in normal people

A

Arterial PCO2 acting
through the central
chemoreceptors ([H+] in CSF)

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8
Q

what receptors does hypoxia affect

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

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9
Q

when are the peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated in regards to hypoxia

A

<8.0 kPa

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10
Q

what does and does not cross the blood brain barrier

A

H+ doesn’t

CO2 does

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11
Q

what plays a major role in adjusting for acidosis

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

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12
Q

what can cause acidosis

A

lactic acid during exercise

diabetic ketoacidosis

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13
Q

how do the peripheral chemoreceptors correct acidosis

A

stimulation by H+ causes hyperventilation and increases elimination of CO2 from the body

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14
Q

what does inspiration depend on

A

muscle contraction

- is an active process

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15
Q

what nerve controls the diaphargm

A

phrenic nerve

- cervical 3,4 and 5

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16
Q

what muscles are involved in inspiration

A

diaphragm

external intercostal muscles

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17
Q

what are muscles of active expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles

abdominal muscles

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18
Q

what 3 pressures are important in ventilation

A

atmospheric pressure
intra-alveolar pressure
intrapleural pressure

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19
Q

what are the forces keeping the alveoli open

A

transmural pressure gradient

pulmonary surfactant

alveolar interdependence

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20
Q

what are the forces promoting alveolar collapse

A

elasticity of stretched pulmonary connective tissue fibres

alveolar surface tension

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21
Q

what type of stimulation causes broncho-constriction

A

parasympathetic

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22
Q

what type of stimulation causes broncho-dilation

A

sympathetic

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23
Q

how is intrapleural pressure affected during respiration

A

falls during inspiration

rises during expiration

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24
Q

what is compliance

A

measure of effort that has to go into stretching or distending the lungs

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25
Q

what is the O2 partial pressure

A

60mmHg

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26
Q

what is the CO2 partial pressure

A

6mmHg

27
Q

what factors can affect gas exchange

A

decreased surface area
increased thickness
decreased perfusion

28
Q

what is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

29
Q

how is CO calculated

A

CO = SV x HR

30
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per heart beat”

31
Q

how is SV calculated

A

End Diastolic Volume (EDV) – End Systolic Volume (ESV)

32
Q

what can bring about changes in SV

A

changes in the diastolic length of myocardial fibres

33
Q

what is preload

A

EDV

the volume of blood within each ventricle at the end of diastole

34
Q

what determines EDV

A

venous return

35
Q

what relationship does the Frank-Starling mechanism describe

A

the relationship between venous return, EDV and SV

36
Q

what does Frank-Starling mechanism describe

A

the more the ventricle is filled with blood during diastole (EDV), the greater the volume of ejected blood will be during the resulting systolic contraction (SV)

37
Q

causes of left side HF

A

pulmonary capillary congestion

pulmonary oedema

38
Q

how is left sided HF caused

A

Stimulation of J-receptors + impaired gas exchange + decreased lung compliance

39
Q

what is the primary factor which determines the percent saturation of Hb

A

Po2

40
Q

what does anaemia lead to

A

impairs the o2 carrying capacity of the blood

increased CO

41
Q

what is tidal volume

A

Volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath

42
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

Extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the typical resting tidal volume

43
Q

what is inspiratory capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quiet expiration

44
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

Extra volume of air that can be actively expired by maximal contraction beyond the normal volume of air after a resting tidal volume

45
Q

what is residual volume

A

Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration

46
Q

what is functional residual capacity

A

Volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration (FRC = ERV + RV)

47
Q

what is vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration (VC = IRV + TV + ERV)

48
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold (TLC = VC + RV)

49
Q

what is FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume in one second

50
Q

what is FVC

A

maximum volume that can be forcibly Expelled from the lungs following a maximum inspiration

51
Q

what would the spirometry results be in an airway obstructive disease

A

FVC - low or normal
FEV1 - low
FEV1/FVC - low

52
Q

what would the spirometry results be in a lung restrictive disease

A

FVC - low
FEV1 - low
FEV1/FVC - normal

53
Q

what would the spirometry results be in a restrictive and obstructive disease

A

FVC - low
FEV1 - low
FEV1/FVC - low

54
Q

what is the normal range of PaCO2

A

4.7-6 kPA

55
Q

what does a high PaCO2 indicate

A

respiratory acidosis

56
Q

what does a low PaCO2 indicate

A

respiratory alkalosis

57
Q

how does PaCO2 play into metabolic alkalosis

A

body will try to compensate by raising PaCO2 (by hypoventilating)

58
Q

how does PaCO2 play into metabolic acidosis

A

body will try to compensate by lowering PaCO2 (by hyperventilating)

59
Q

what is base excess a measure of

A

metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

60
Q

what does a negative BE indicate

A

metabolic acidosis

61
Q

what does a positive BE indicate

A

metabolic alkalosis

62
Q

how does the kidneys play into resp acidosis

A

try to compensate by creating metabolic alkalosis (by retaining bicarbonate)

63
Q

how does the kidneys play into resp alkalosis

A

try to compensate by creating metabolic acidosis (by excreting bicarbonate)

Transition SB (5 decks)

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