Physiology Flashcards
You encounter a patient with a rare viral disorder that erodes the cartilage from the long bones especially of the distal femur and proximal tibia. The bodies repairing of this structure would most likely convert which type of cartilage into which new material? A) fibrocartillage into elastic cartilage B) Hyline cartilage into fibrocartillage C) Hyline cartilage into elastic cartilage D) Periosteum into hyline cartilage The early stages of this condition leading to inflammation and pain and increased friction would be called what?
B) The cartilage of long bone is hyline cartilage and when repaired becomes fibrocartilage, which has more type 1 collagen making it stronger but also doesn’t bear weight well at the joint due to its rigidity. Initially this would be considered osteomalacia and later athritis.
A patient presents with stiffness of the back and a PE reveals a fairly healthy 5’2” 14 y/o girl. After viewing an x-ray of the back you discover some suspicious finding in her inter-vertebral disks, which appear more dense than usual; though she has no signs of tumor. How would you generally classify her condition? A) Achondroplasia B) Arthritis C) Chondrodystrophy D) osteosarcoma
C. Chondrodystrophies are a group of disorders in which cartilage is ossified into bone. The problem is with the fibrous cartilage of the inter-vertebral disk. This is a cartilage issue and the only one that fits. Her height is not an issue due to her age, and arthritis isn’t a good fit.
What is a precursor to a fibroblast? Hematopoetic stem cell Fibrocyte Chondrocyte Messenchymal cell Osteoclast precursor?
Messenchymal cell Monocyte
What general process causes the circular formations of lamelae?
Bone remodeling
What is endochondral ossification?
In conjunction with intramembranous ossificiation it is one of two essential processes during fetal development by which bone tissue is created; cartilage is present in this process. The formation and growth of long bones as well as the healing of bone is what defines this process.
WHAT DO YOU THINK IS HIGH YIELD FOR THIS LECTURE?
PRECURSOR CELLS TISSUE ID
What is marfan’s syndrome?
Defect in fibrillin 1 which is the primary component in microfibrils which attach to elastin. It is essential for the proper formation of ECM, including the formation of elastic fibers. Can lead to aortic aneurysm Increased TGF-B activity: neg affects vascular smooth muscle development Inflammation
Connectve tissue proper is of two types. What are they and which tissue compose them?
Dense and loose connective tissue Dense- regular (tendons, ligaments) irregular- skin, dermis, periosteum/chondrium Elastic- EEEE + aorta, vocal cords, epiglottis, eustacian tubes Loose- areolar, adipose, and reticular
What is syndesmosis, synchondrosis, and diarthrosis?
Syndesmosis- Bone united by the same ligament (interosseus membrane of the tibia and fibula) Synchondrosi- same cartillage- cartilage joints, like costal cartilage Diathrosis is the same thing as a synovial joint.
When a joint is injured and hyline cartilage is replaced with fibrous cartilage how does the collagen content differ in the newly repaired joint?
Fibrocartilage has more collagen Type I, so its stronger, but less flexible.
How is osteoblast formation different from osteoclast?
Mesenchymal stem cell–> osteoprogenitor cell–> osteoblast–> osteoclast Hematopoietic stem cell–> myeloid stem cell-> monocyte–> osteoclast precursor–> osteoclast
Pain sensation has what four qualities?
Location
Modality-type or quality
Intensity-sharp or dull
Duration/Frequency
What is a receptive field? What type of neurons innervate it, and how many neurons can innervate it?
Is a area sensitive to stimuli such as touch temperature pressure pain etc.
First order neurons innervate it and can be either inhibitory or excitatory; one or many.
Which type of first order neuron utilizes an interneuron as an intermediate to the second order neuron?
A) Excitatory first order neuron
B) motor neuron
C) Inhibitory first order neuron
D) Inhibitory motor neuron
C) inhibitory first order neuron
The excitatory first order neuron acts directly on the second order neuron and motor neurons don’t make sense in this sensory contex.
How does a sensory neuron compare to a motor neuron, or a projection interneuron?
The sensory neurons soma is between the free nerve ending on one end and the terminal buttons on the other. This is contrasted with both the motor neuron and the projection interneuron and others whose soma are surrounded by dendrites receiving signals from other neurons.