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Comp Reviews > Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex develops a “motor image” of the total muscle movement that is to be performed?

§ Primary motor cortex

§ Supplemental motor cortex

§ Premotor cortex

§ Supplemental sensory cortex

A

§ Premotor cortex

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2
Q

Which of the following inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon, and gastrin; decreases motility of the stomach and duodenum, and decreases secretion and absorption of the GI tract?

§ Glucokinase

§ Carnitine

§ Somatostatin

§ Acetoacetic acid

A

§ Somatostatin

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3
Q

The main hormone responsible for controlling feedback of the duodenum is:

§ CCK

§ Chyme

§ Motilin

§ GIP (gastrointestinal peptide)

A

§ CCK

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4
Q

Approximately what percent of the body’s calcium is stored in extracellular fluid?

§ Less than 1%

§ 25%

§ 50%

§ More than 75%

A

§ Less than 1%

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5
Q

Significant reduction in ECF and blood volume, diminished cardiac output, and hyperkalemia are characteristic of lack of which of the following?

§ Aldosterone

§ Estrogen

§ Cortisol

§ DHEA

A

§ Aldosterone

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6
Q

Surfactant is a lipoprotein essential to maintain alveolar function. In a healthy fetus, it is formed in the lungs at what time?

§ 24 weeks gestation

§ 28 weeks gestation

§ 34 weeks gestation

§ 38 weeks gestation

A

§ 24 weeks gestation

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7
Q

In typical sensory pathways, decussation occurs at what level?

§ Primary (first order) neurons

§ Secondary (secondary order) neurons

§ Tertiary (third order) neurons

§ None of these

A

§ Secondary (secondary order) neurons

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8
Q

Which of the following cell types respond to rapid changes in the visual image?

§ Bipolar cells

§ Amacrine cells

§ X type ganglion cells

§ Y type ganglion cells

§ Z type ganglion cells

A

§ Y type ganglion cells

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9
Q

Control functions for muscle movements of the axial body, neck, shoulders, and hips is located in which of the following areas of the cerebellum?

§ Vermis

§ Intermediate zone

§ Lateral zone (control limbs)

§ Cerebrocerebellum

A

§ Vermis

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10
Q

For each molecule of glucose that is hydrolyzed in glycolysis, what is the net gain in ATPs?

§ 2

§ 4

§ 6

§ 8

A

§ 2

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11
Q

Hypocalcemia usually becomes lethal at which of the following levels?

§ 12 mg/dl

§ 9.5 mg/dl

§ 6 mg/dl

§ 4 mg/dl

A

§ 4 mg/dl

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12
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

§ The liver has a low blood flow and a high vascular resistance.

§ The liver has a low blood flow and a low vascular resistance.

§ The liver has a high blood flow and a high vascular resistance.

§ The liver has a high blood flow and a low vascular resistance.

A

§ The liver has a high blood flow and a low vascular resistance.

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13
Q

Which of the following landmarks demarcates the sensory cortex from the motor cortex?

§ Lateral sulcus

§ Central sulcus

§ Insula

§ Angular gyrus

A

§ Central sulcus

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14
Q

The thalamus is derived from which of the following brain divisions?

§ Telencephalon

§ Diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, and thalamus)

§ Mesencephalon

§ Metencephalon

§ Myelencephalon

A

§ Diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, and thalamus)

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15
Q

Sensory information entering the central nervous system typically decussates at some point in the spinal cord or brain. For visual information, this decussation occurs in the optic chiasma. How much decussation occurs in the optic chiasma?

§ 25%

§ 50%

§ 75%

§ 100%

A

§ 50%

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16
Q

The output from the cerebellar cortex is from which of the following types of neurons? (What about the input? Mossy fibers??)

§ Golgi type I

§ Purkinje

§ Stellate

§ Basket

A

§ Purkinje

17
Q

A higher than normal back pressure in hepatic veins may lead to the following conditions? (what about back up in the portal vein? Causes other problems- ?hypertension?)

§ Jaundice

§ Cirrhosis

§ Ascites

§ Diabetes

A

§ Ascites

18
Q

Fructose, which provides energy for sperm, is secreted by which of the following?

§ Seminal vesicles

§ Prostate gland

§ Cells of Leydig

§ Sertoli cells

A

§ Seminal vesicles

19
Q

During the menstrual cycle, the early growth of a follicle is primarily stimulated by which of the following?

§ LH

§ FSH

§ Estrogen

§ Progesterone

A

§ FSH

20
Q

A sharp rise in which of the following hormones precedes ovulation by about 24 hours?

§ LH

§ FSH

§ Estrogen

§ Progesterone

A

§ LH

21
Q

The human central nervous system develops from a midline tube. The cranial end of the tube is formed into 5 subdivisions arranged in a linear sequence. The cerebellum of the adult brain is derived from which of the following subdivision?

§ Metencephalon

§ Diencephalon

§ Telencephalon

§ Myelencephalon

A

§ Metencephalon

22
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided into many areas with specific sets of functions. Which of the following areas of the cerebral cortex would have direct connections with specific muscles?

§ Primary motor areas

§ Secondary motor areas

§ Primary sensory areas

§ Secondary sensory areas

A

§ Primary motor areas

23
Q

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are types of tonic receptors. Which of the following characteristics applies to tonic receptors?

§ Rapidly adapting

§ Transmit information regarding rate of change

§ Stimulated only when stimulus strength changes

§ Detects continuous stimulus strength

A

§ Detects continuous stimulus strength

24
Q

When hair cell stereocilia are bent, a tugging on the shorter stereocilia occurs such that ion channels open allowing which of the following to enter the hair cells?

§ Potassium

§ Sodium

§ Chloride

§ Calcium

A

§ Potassium

25
Q

Which of the following is part of the pyramidal system of motor pathways?

§ Rubrospinal tract

§ Vestibulospinal tract

§ Corticospinal tract

§ Reticulospinal tract

A

§ Corticospinal tract

26
Q

Coordination of skilled movement and speech is primarily associated with which of the following divisions of the cerebellum?

§ Vestibulocerebellum

§ Spinocerebellum

§ Cerebrocerebellum

§ Vermis

A

§ Cerebrocerebellum

27
Q

Which of the following is secreted by duodenal and upper jejunal cells in response to the presence of acidic foods in the upper intestine? It stimulates the release of large amounts of pancreatic sodium bicarbonate and inhibits gastric acid secretion. (know general functions of each hormone for potential questions)

§ Secretin

§ CCK

§ Gastrin

§ Motilin

A

§ Secretin

28
Q

The gastrocolic reflex, enterogastric reflex, and colonoileal reflex are examples of which of the following categories of gastrointestinal reflexes?

§ Reflexes that are integrated entirely within the gut wall enteric nervous system.

§ Reflexes from the gut to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and then back to the GI tract.

§ Reflexes from the gut to the spinal cord or brain stem and then back to the GI tract.

§ None of the above is correct.

A

§ Reflexes from the gut to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and then back to the GI tract.

29
Q

Which of the following areas of the brain is normally inhibited by signals from the heat center but is activated by cold signals from the skin and spinal cord and is responsible for the activation of shivering responses?

§ Anterior hypothalamus

§ Preoptic area

§ Posterior hypothalamus

§ Thalamus

A

§ Posterior hypothalamus

30
Q

A person on serotonin reuptake inhibitors may experience decreased GI motility. The reason for this is primarily due to which of the following reasons?

§ Secretory neurons of the submucosal plexus utilize serotonin as a neurotransmitter.

§ Motor neurons of the myenteric plexus utilize serotonin as a neurotransmitter.

§ Interneurons of the myenteric plexus utilize serotonin as a neurotransmitter.

§ Sensory neurons of the submucosal plexus utilize serotonin as a neurotransmitter.

A

§ Interneurons of the myenteric plexus utilize serotonin as a neurotransmitter.

Comp Reviews (5 decks)

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