Physiology 2 Flashcards
Which part of the cerebral cortex develops a “motor image” of the total muscle movement that is to be performed?
§ Primary motor cortex
§ Supplemental motor cortex
§ Premotor cortex
§ Supplemental sensory cortex
§ Premotor cortex
Which of the following inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon, and gastrin; decreases motility of the stomach and duodenum, and decreases secretion and absorption of the GI tract?
§ Glucokinase
§ Carnitine
§ Somatostatin
§ Acetoacetic acid
§ Somatostatin
The main hormone responsible for controlling feedback of the duodenum is:
§ CCK
§ Chyme
§ Motilin
§ GIP (gastrointestinal peptide)
§ CCK
Approximately what percent of the body’s calcium is stored in extracellular fluid?
§ Less than 1%
§ 25%
§ 50%
§ More than 75%
§ Less than 1%
Significant reduction in ECF and blood volume, diminished cardiac output, and hyperkalemia are characteristic of lack of which of the following?
§ Aldosterone
§ Estrogen
§ Cortisol
§ DHEA
§ Aldosterone
Surfactant is a lipoprotein essential to maintain alveolar function. In a healthy fetus, it is formed in the lungs at what time?
§ 24 weeks gestation
§ 28 weeks gestation
§ 34 weeks gestation
§ 38 weeks gestation
§ 24 weeks gestation
In typical sensory pathways, decussation occurs at what level?
§ Primary (first order) neurons
§ Secondary (secondary order) neurons
§ Tertiary (third order) neurons
§ None of these
§ Secondary (secondary order) neurons
Which of the following cell types respond to rapid changes in the visual image?
§ Bipolar cells
§ Amacrine cells
§ X type ganglion cells
§ Y type ganglion cells
§ Z type ganglion cells
§ Y type ganglion cells
Control functions for muscle movements of the axial body, neck, shoulders, and hips is located in which of the following areas of the cerebellum?
§ Vermis
§ Intermediate zone
§ Lateral zone (control limbs)
§ Cerebrocerebellum
§ Vermis
For each molecule of glucose that is hydrolyzed in glycolysis, what is the net gain in ATPs?
§ 2
§ 4
§ 6
§ 8
§ 2
Hypocalcemia usually becomes lethal at which of the following levels?
§ 12 mg/dl
§ 9.5 mg/dl
§ 6 mg/dl
§ 4 mg/dl
§ 4 mg/dl
Which of the following statements is true?
§ The liver has a low blood flow and a high vascular resistance.
§ The liver has a low blood flow and a low vascular resistance.
§ The liver has a high blood flow and a high vascular resistance.
§ The liver has a high blood flow and a low vascular resistance.
§ The liver has a high blood flow and a low vascular resistance.
Which of the following landmarks demarcates the sensory cortex from the motor cortex?
§ Lateral sulcus
§ Central sulcus
§ Insula
§ Angular gyrus
§ Central sulcus
The thalamus is derived from which of the following brain divisions?
§ Telencephalon
§ Diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, and thalamus)
§ Mesencephalon
§ Metencephalon
§ Myelencephalon
§ Diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, and thalamus)
Sensory information entering the central nervous system typically decussates at some point in the spinal cord or brain. For visual information, this decussation occurs in the optic chiasma. How much decussation occurs in the optic chiasma?
§ 25%
§ 50%
§ 75%
§ 100%
§ 50%
The output from the cerebellar cortex is from which of the following types of neurons? (What about the input? Mossy fibers??)
§ Golgi type I
§ Purkinje
§ Stellate
§ Basket
§ Purkinje
A higher than normal back pressure in hepatic veins may lead to the following conditions? (what about back up in the portal vein? Causes other problems- ?hypertension?)
§ Jaundice
§ Cirrhosis
§ Ascites
§ Diabetes
§ Ascites
Fructose, which provides energy for sperm, is secreted by which of the following?
§ Seminal vesicles
§ Prostate gland
§ Cells of Leydig
§ Sertoli cells
§ Seminal vesicles
During the menstrual cycle, the early growth of a follicle is primarily stimulated by which of the following?
§ LH
§ FSH
§ Estrogen
§ Progesterone
§ FSH
A sharp rise in which of the following hormones precedes ovulation by about 24 hours?
§ LH
§ FSH
§ Estrogen
§ Progesterone
§ LH
The human central nervous system develops from a midline tube. The cranial end of the tube is formed into 5 subdivisions arranged in a linear sequence. The cerebellum of the adult brain is derived from which of the following subdivision?
§ Metencephalon
§ Diencephalon
§ Telencephalon
§ Myelencephalon
§ Metencephalon
The cerebral cortex is divided into many areas with specific sets of functions. Which of the following areas of the cerebral cortex would have direct connections with specific muscles?
§ Primary motor areas
§ Secondary motor areas
§ Primary sensory areas
§ Secondary sensory areas
§ Primary motor areas
Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are types of tonic receptors. Which of the following characteristics applies to tonic receptors?
§ Rapidly adapting
§ Transmit information regarding rate of change
§ Stimulated only when stimulus strength changes
§ Detects continuous stimulus strength
§ Detects continuous stimulus strength
When hair cell stereocilia are bent, a tugging on the shorter stereocilia occurs such that ion channels open allowing which of the following to enter the hair cells?
§ Potassium
§ Sodium
§ Chloride
§ Calcium
§ Potassium
