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Physiology-Respiratory > Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the tidal volume and average value?

A
  • The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath
  • 500 ml
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2
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume and average value?

A
  • The extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the typical resting tidal volume
  • 3000 ml
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3
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity and average value?

A
  • Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quiet expiration.
  • 3500 ml
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4
Q

How is Inspiratory capacity related to inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume?

A

IC= IRV + TV

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5
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume and average value?

A
  • The extra volume of air that can be actively expired by maximal contraction beyond the normal volume of air after a resting tidal volume
  • 1000 ml
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6
Q

What is the residual volume and average value?

A
  • Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration
  • 1200 ml

-

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7
Q

What is the functional residual capacity and average value?

A
  • The volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal passive expiration
  • 2200 ml
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8
Q

How is functional residual capacity related to expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

A

FRC= ERV + RV

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9
Q

What is vital capacity and average volume?

A
  • Maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration
  • 4500 ml
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10
Q

How is vital capacity related to Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume?

A

VC= IRV + TV + ERV

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11
Q

What is total lung capacity and average volume?

A
  • maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold.

- 5700 ml

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12
Q

How is total lung capacity related to vital capacity and residual volume?

A

TLC= VC + RV

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13
Q

What is the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1): Dynamic volume

A

The volume of air that can be expired during the first second of an expiration in an FVC determination

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14
Q

What is the FEV1%?

What is the normal value?

A

The FEV1/FVC ratio

Normal value >75%

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15
Q

What values can be determined from a volume time curve? (3)

A

The FVC, FEV1 and FEV1%

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16
Q

What are the FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC values in normal spirometry

A

FVC: Normal
FEV1: Normal
FEV1%: Normal

17
Q

What are the FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC values in airway obstruction?

A

FVC: Low or normal
FEV1: Low
FEV1%: Low

18
Q

What are the FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC values in lung restriction?

A

FVC: Low
FEV1: Low
FEV1%: Normal

19
Q

What are the FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC values in a combination of obstruction and restriction?

A

FVC: Low
FEV1: Low
FEV1%: Low

20
Q

What is the formula for airway resistance (Flow)

A

Flow= Change in pressure/Resistance

21
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system have on bronchial smooth muscle?

A

Bronchoconstriction

22
Q

What effect does the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system have on bronchial smooth muscle?

A

Bronchodilation

23
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration? (2)

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenues

24
Q

What are the muscles of active expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

Abdominal muscles

25
Q

How are the airways held open by dynamic airway compression?

A

Increase in airway pressure upstream

Airways opened by increasing driving pressure between the alveolus and airway (Pressure downstream)

26
Q

How does an airway obstruction (COPD or asthma) affect driving pressure between alveolus and airway?

A

Driving pressure between alveolus and airway is lost over obstructed segment

Fall in airway pressure downstream–> Airway collapse caused by rising pleural pressure during active expiration.

27
Q

What does peak flow rate assess?

A

Airway function

28
Q

What is peak flow useful in diagnosis of?

A

Obstructive diseases

29
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

The effort that has to go into stretching or distending the lungs.

Less compliance= More work require to inflate lungs

30
Q

Name some factors that cause decreased pulmonary compliance. (5)

A
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Lung collapse
  • Pneumonia
  • Absence of surfactant
31
Q

How does emphysema relate to pulmonary compliance?

A

Abnormally increased pulmonary compliance.

Patients have to work harder to get air out of the lungs.

32
Q

What factors cause work of breathing to increase?

A
  • When pulmonary compliance is increased
  • When airway resistance is increased
  • When elastic recoil is decreased
  • When there is need for increased ventilation

Physiology-Respiratory (3 decks)

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