Physiology Flashcards
What is the predominant cell type found in a healing wound in the first 48 hours?
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil
Where in the kidney is bicarbonate reabsorbed?
PCT
What stage of wound healing involves collagen deposition and angiogenesis?
Proliferation
What effect does pregnancy have on eGFR?
Increases by 40%
What effect does pregnancy have on biliary physiology?
Increased lithogenic index (increased risk of gall stones)
What is the relative risk of thrombosis in those with Factor V Leiden vs those without?
80
Risk in factor V Leiden = 80 in 1,000
Risk in general population = 1 in 1,000
What type of virus is HIV?
Family = retrovirus
Genus = lentivirus
How is the clotting cascade triggered?
Intrinsic pathway = damaged endothelium
Extrinsic pathway = tissue factor
Nucleotides of DNA
Cytosine
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Nucleotides of RNA
Cytosine
Uracil
Adenine
Guanine
Oxygen consumption in ml/min of normal vs pregnant woman
Normal = 250 mL per min
Prégnant = 300 mL per min
Effect of pregnancy on renal blood flow
Increase by 50%
Inhibitors of glucagon
Glucagon increases plasma glucose levels
Somatostatin
Uraemia
Keto/fatty acidosis
Somatostatin
Where is glucagon made
Islet alpha cells of pancreas
Most common cause of Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease
Syndrome = iatrogenic, steroid tables
Disease = endogenous cause, pituitary adenoma
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is myasthenia gravis
Type V
(But type V is actually a subtype of type II, so if V not an answer, pick II)
What stimulates extrinsic pathway in clotting cascade?
Tissue factor
1st and 2nd line management hypertension in pregnancy. (Plus definition of HTN)
HTN = 135/85
1st = labetalol
2nd = methyldopa / nifedipine
Contraindicated = ACE, ARB (eg losartan)
Thalassaemias and their chromosomal defects
Alpha - 16
Bêta - 11
Delta - 11
Effect of pregnancy on cardiac output
Increased by ~40%
Diagnostic criteria of gestational diabetes
Fasting glucose >5.6
2h glucose >7.8
Kleinfelters karyotype
47XXY
Where is calcitonin produced
Thyroid
(c cells)
Which ion is most important in resting potential in non nerve cells
K
Mantoux test relies on which hypersensitivity reaction
IV
Sickle cell mode of inheritance
Single gene recessive
Which co-factors are required for oxytocin to bind to its receptor
Magnesium and cholesterol
Which organelle is responsible for fusing with vesicles and modifying the proteins contained within them?
Golgi Apparatus
What is the main biochemical buffer of urine?
Phosphate
By what mechanism does aldosterone promote water resorption in the kidney?
Upregulation of Na/K pumps
Situated in DCT and collecting duct
Lifespan of a basophil
3-4 days
Main biochemical buffer in blood
Bicarbonate
Which part of clotting cascade depends on vitamin K?
Synthesis of protein S
ECG changes in hypokalaemia
Peaked P
Prolonged PR
Prolonged QT
Flat T
U waves
4 things that shift O2 dissociation curve to right
Right = reduced affinity of Hb for O2
Acidosis
Pyrexia
Increased pCO2
Increased 2,3 DPG
4 things that shift oxygen dissociation curve to left
Left = loves O2. Limpet, holding onto O2
Increased pCO
Decreased temperature
Alkalosis
Decreased 2,3 DPG
Platelet lifespan
5-9 days
Effect of pregnancy on triglycerides and cholesterol
Marked increase in both
Which hormone is responsible for alveolar development in the breasts during pregnancy?
Progesterone
Duchenne inheritance
X recessive
Most common cause of delayed puberty in men
Constitutional delay
What type of receptor is progesterone receptor
Nuclear transcription factor
