Physiology Flashcards
Diffiusion happens faster for: (CO2 or O2)
CO2
Which diaphram usually sits higher?
R side, it’s ontop of the liver
The parietal pleura is on the ______
the visceral pleura is on the __________
In between these layers is called the _____________
ribs
Lungs
Pleural space
Intrapleural pressure is typically ________ than intrapulmonic pressure
Lower
Note: if it was higher it would restrict the lungs
It’s better to have a ________ tidal volume w/ a _____ respiration rate
Higher
Lower
Diffusion happens where?
Alveoli
Why must RBC pass close to the alveoli-capillary wall?
because oxygen does not diffuse as readily as CO2
What is FiO2 of room air?
21%
Why should patients NOT use valsalva maneuver
There is less venous return w/ valsalva maneuver bc of increased intrabdominal pressure.
Every time you take a deep breath you __________ venous return
increase
The surface tension of the lungs is lowered by ___________, absence of it can cause a collapsed lung
Surfactant
Intra-alveoli pressure: If the pressure is __________ that allows more air to get to the alveoli and diffuse into the bloodstream
Lower
Less pressure in alveoli + less pressure in pleural space = _______ tidal volume
More Tidal Volume
When a patient lies supine, the diaphram wants to move ___________
Superiorly
This is why supine is a harder position to breathe in
How will obesity affect the diaphram position?
Push it upwards -> harder to breathe
If your diaphram is pushed upwards, you have ________________ functional residiual capacity
decreased
How can you help patient’s who have decreased functional residual capacity due to diaphram pushed upwards
Diaphramatic scoop
note: Cpap also helps push diaphram back down in patient’s w/ obstructive sleep apnea
Inhalation requires work
exhalation is a ________
passive process using elastic properties of lung
Note: hypercompliance reduces the ability to exhale! Obstructive lung disease!
What is tidal volume
Amount that goes in and out w/ each breath
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Maximum volume u can inspire above your normal tidal volume
What is expiratory reserve volume
maximum amount you can exhale above your tidal volume
What is residual volume
Volume of air left in lungs after maximum effort
Functional residual capacity vs Inspiratory capacity vs Vital Capacity vs Total Lung Volume
FRC = RV + ERV
IC = TV + IRV
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
TLC= IRV + TV + ERV + RV
Patient’s with obstructive lung volume have an __________ of residual lung volume overtime
Patient’s with restrictive lung volume have a __________
increase
decrease
T or F:
RV, FRC, and TLC can be measured w/ spirometery
False, because these all include residual volume, which you cannot measure since you can’t breath that out.
Obstructive lung diseases cause a ___________ of TLC (Total lung capacity)
Restrictive causes a _______ of TLC
Increase
Decrease
FEV1 predictive value is based off of…
Age gender race height
If a patient has COPD, if they’re given a bronchodilator, will their FEV1 change?
Not very much
Compare this to asthma where the bronchodilator fixes the issue
FEV1/FVC should be atleast a percentage of…
70%
Why is taking deeper breaths important for patients?
Because airway resistance decreases with increased lung volume (increased conduction)
What is normal V/Q?
.8
Ideal = 1
If ventilation is greater than perfusion, this is considered:
Deadspace
If ventilation is less than perfusion in an area of the lungs, what happens?
Shunting to areas with more ventilation
Increasing tidal volume vs increasing breathing rate
Increasing breathing rate increases alveoli ventilation AND deadspace
Increasing tidal volume ONLY increases ventilation
This is because ventilation distribution improves with greater tidal volumes
T or F, the base of the lungs has the highest absolute ventilation and perfusion
T due to them being larger, but the relative ratio of V/Q is not as great as in the upper lobes
What part of the lung has the most deadspace?
Upper lobes
What part of the lung has the most shunting
Lower Lobes
Distribution of perfusion throughout the lung improves with ___________
exercise
What is daltons law
In mixture of gasses, all of the partial pressures are added up to find the resultant pressure
Restrictive disorders increase the _____________ between the RBC and capillaries/alveoli
distance
Diffusion issues can lead to oxygen levels in the lung dropping -> _________________ -> May cause pulmonary hypertension -> Right sided heart failure
Reflexive vasoconstriction to deliver oxygen to ventilated parts of the lung (Shunting)
What is normal pulmonary BP and what is considered too high with exercise
20 normal
40 too high with exercise
Decreased O2, Increased CO2, and increased Acidity of the blood will shift the oxygen/hemoglobin disassociation curve to the ________
right
Can supplemental oxygen help a patient with large dead-space ventilation or a large intrapulmonary shunt?
NO
Because the oxygen can’t get to these areas in the first place
Respiratory control of ABG occurs __________ whereas metabolic control occurs _____________
Rapidly- minutes
Slowily- days
How might the respiratory system attempt to raise PH?
Hyperventilation
How might the respiratory system attempt to lower PH?
Hypoventilation
How might the metabolic system reduce acidity?
How might it increase acidity?
Kidnesy will excrete HCO3 ( lower PH)
Kidneys will retain HCO3 (Increase PH)
Renal failure will cause respiratory metabolic ______________
Alkalosis (cannot excrete HCO3)
Note: you will then have hypoventilation in an attempt to compensate.
Choking aspiration tends to happen on the _______ primary bronchi due to it being straighter than the other
Right side
