Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

blood CA > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

haematocrit

A
  • relative vol of RBC out of total blood volume
  • men 46, women 42
  • low = anemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

platelet

A
  • fragment of megakaryocytes (bone marrow bound WBC)
  • mammal platelet lack nuclei
  • component
    1) contractile proteins: actin, myosin
    2) organelle: mito, ER, golgi
    3) enzyme for pg synthesis
    4) growth factor (PDGF, VEGF)
    5) factor XIII (Fibrin-stabilising factor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

conditions that trigger release of erythropoietin by kidney cells

A

1) hypoxia due to decreased RBC no. and function
2) decreased O2 availability
3) increased tissue demand for oxygen
4) anemia
5) reduced blood flow to kidney
6) blood donation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

location of erythropoiesis

A
  • fetus: yolk sac -> liver, spleen, lymph node
  • < 5yo: bone marrow
  • 5-20yo: bone marrow in rib, sternum, vertebrae, proximal end of long bones
  • > 20yo: bone marrow in rib, sternum, vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phases of erythropoiesis

A

1) phase I

  • ribosome synthesis in early erythroblast

2) phase II

  • Hb accumulation in late erythroblast and normoblast

3) phase III

  • ejection of nucleus from normoblast & formation of reticulocyte -> enter circulation -> mature RBC
  • reticulocyte count indicative of erythropoiesis (normal 0.8 - 1%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

destruction of RBC

A
  • phagocytosed by macrophage in liver/spleen/bone marrow
  • broken down into heme and goblin

1) heme broken down into iron (stored as ferritin) or bilirubin
** bilirubin picked up by blood in liver -> secreted into intestine in bile -> metabolised -> excreted by faeces
** iron bind to transferrin -> leave liver -> recycled for erythropoiesis

2) globin broken down into AA -> recycled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

types of anemia not covered in later IC

A

1) renal anemia

  • kidney disease -> lack erythropoietin

2) hemorrhagic anemia

  • loss significant amt of blood

3) malaria

  • plasmodium falciparum amplify in blood -> rupture
  • offspring invade new RBC

4) sick cell anemia

  • mutate beta-globin gene -> Hb aggregate in low O2 condition to crescent -> rupture RBC membrane

5) erythroblastosis fetalis

  • Rh+ RBC of fetus destroyed by anti-Rh Ab of Rh- mother

6) thalassemia

  • low production of hemoglobin
  • hereditary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

polycythaemia/erythaemia

A
  • too many RBC & high haematocrit
  • primary polycythaemia: tumour/tumour-like condition in bone marrow
  • consequences: very viscous blood -> potential plug arteries -> insufficient O2 delivery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

haematostasis entire tldr phases

A

1) vasoconstriction (immediate)
2) platelet plug (within seconds)
3) fibrin clot (within minutes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

haematostasis - vasoconstriction

A
  • initiated by sympathetic nerves
  • mediated by vascular smooth muscle cells
  • provide time for other phases
  • endothelial cells of opp sides may stick together
  • reduce blood loss
  • endothelial cells contract -> expose basal lamina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

haematostasis - platelet plug

A
  • 2 processes: platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation
  • main function
    1) closure of leak with formation of temp patch
    2) release chemical mediators to regulate blood clotting
    3) contraction of blood clot
  • intact endothelial cells release nitric oxide & prostacyclin -> inhibit unintentional platelet activation/aggregation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

haematostasis - platelet plug - platelet adhesion

A
  • mediated by vWF (plasma protein produced by platelet)
  • vWF bind to collagen fibre -> release granules containing platelet agonist (ADP, thromboxane A2)
  • ADP attract & Activate more platelet
    thromboxane A2 promote aggregation & further vasoconstriction
  • platelet bind to Gplb on vWF -> morphological change -> activation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

haematostasis - platelet plug - platelet aggregation

A
  • fibrinogen link platelet through glycoprotein receptor
  • links are weak and require reinforcement so platelets release factor XIII
  • thrombin actions
    1) enhance own generation through +ve feedback loop
    2) convert fibrinogen to fibrin monomer (more stable)
    3) convert factor XIII -> factor XIIIa -> cross-linking of fibrin -> fibrin mesh
  • linkage release more platelet attracting substances -> platelet plug
  • release platelet factor 3 (PF3)
    ** activate other factors in clotting cascade -> activate prothrombin -> activate thrombin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

haematostasis - extrinsic pathway

A

thromboplastin or 3, 7, 10, fibrin, fibrin mesh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

haematostasis - intrinsic pathway

A

exposure to collagen fibres or foreign surface, 12, 11, 9, 10, fibrin, fibrin mesh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

clotting factors vs names

A
  • I: fibrinogen
  • II: prothrombin
  • III: tissue factor (TF)
  • IV: calcium ions
  • VII: Stable factors
  • VIII: antihemophilic
  • IX: Christmas factor
  • X: stuart-prower factor
  • XI: plasma thromboplastin
  • XII: hageman factor
  • XIII: fibrin stabilising
  • acronym: Foolish People Try Climbing Slopes, After Christmas Some People Have Fallen
17
Q

clot retraction

A
  • squeeze serum from fibrin clot -> stabilise clot -> further close
18
Q

repair after injury

A
  • platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulate vascular muscle cells -> build new vessel wall
  • stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
  • endothelial cells multiply -> restore inner endothelial lining
19
Q

regulation of blood clots

A

1) prostacyclin

  • produced by intact endothelial cells
  • inhibit platelet activation, limit spread of blood clot

2) serotonin

  • high concentrations inhibit ADP activity
  • blood clot limit spread of thrombin & other procoagulant
20
Q

procoagulants

A
  • extrinsic pathway: tissue factor
  • intrinsic pathway: collagen, anything that activate factor XII
  • platelet plug: collagen
21
Q

anticoagulant (Artifical vs endogenous)

A
  • artificial: chelator (citrate), Vit K antagonist, DOAC
  • endogenous: smooth muscle of endothelial surface, antithrombin III, heparin, thrombomodulin, tissue plasminogen activator
22
Q

process of fibrinolysis

A
  • surrounding tissue & vascular endothelial cells slowly release tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) -> cleave inactive plasminogen -> protease plasmin
  • plasmin digest fibrin -> dissolve clot
  • macrophage remove remains of clot
23
Q

blood clotting disorder - haemophilia

A
  • men
  • excessive bleeding after injury
  • types
    1) hereditary: lack clotting factors
    2) A: deficiency of factor VIII, treat w recombinant VIII
    3) B: deficiency of factor IX
    4) C: deficiency of factor XI
24
Q

blood clotting disorder - liver disease

A
  • X synthesis procoagulants and produce bile that absorb fat & Vit K
25
Q

blood clotting disorder - thrombocytopenia

A
  • low circulating platelet
  • small purple spots on skin
  • caused by damage/destruction of bone marrow
  • treat w fresh whole blood/platelet transfusion
26
Q

blood coagulation tests

A

1) PTT or aPTT

  • efficacy of intrinsic & common coagulation pathway (I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII)
  • citrated plasma + Ca2+ + phospholipid + kaolin
  • monitor heparin therapy
  • normal 25 - 39s

2) PT

  • citrated plasma + Ca2+ + tissue factor
  • efficacy of extrinsic + common pathways (I, II, V, VII, X)
  • normal 12 - 15s

3) INR

  • normal range: 0.9 - 1.3
    warfarin: 2 - 3

blood CA (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions