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Cardiovascular > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Bulk flow system of oxygen carbon dioxicle, nutrients, metabolites, hormones and heat
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2
Q

What is the significance of vascular beds being arranged in parallel or series

A
  • so output can be equal and tissues yet oxygenated blood it allows redirection of blood
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3
Q

Significance of pressure in the CVS

A
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4
Q

Significance of resistance in the CVS

A
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5
Q

Significance of capacitance in the CVS

A

Control fractional distribution of blood

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6
Q

Function of elastic arteries

A
  • Aorta prevent arterial pressure from going too high by stretching
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7
Q

Function of muscular arteries

A
  • Arteries, low resistance conduit, thick elastic wall
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8
Q

Function of resistance vessels

A
  • Arteries: narrow lumen, control resistance and therefore flow
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9
Q

Function of capacitance vessels

A
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10
Q

Valves and locations

A
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11
Q

Direction of blood flow in the heart

A

Body → Superior vena cava / inferior vena cava → right atrium →
Tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary value → pulmonary trunk artery → lungs

Lungs → pulmonary vein → mitral valve → right ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body

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12
Q

Sequence of events occurring during excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle

A
  1. Acetylcholine released from the axon terminal binds to receptors on sarcolemma
  2. Action potential travels down t-tubule
  3. Sacrcoplasmic rectilium releases calcium min response to change in voltage
  4. Calcium binds to trooping, cross-bridges form between actin and myosin
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13
Q

What is tetanus and what kind of muscle can exhibit it

A
  • Skeletal muscle I sustained muscle contraction, motor , nerve innovates skeleton muscle emits action potential at a high rate
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14
Q

Non - pacemaker action potential stages

A
  1. Initial depolarisation - increase Na
  2. Plateau - increase Ca (ltype) and decrease K
  3. Repolarisation - decrease Ca and increase K
  4. Resting membrane potential - high resting K
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15
Q

Pacemaker potential stages

A
  • If channels open
  • some ca channels open + if closes
  • lots of Ca channels open
  • Ca channels close + K channels open
  • K channels close
  • if channels open
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16
Q

What initiates electrical activity in the heart

A
  • senatorial node
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17
Q

How is electrical activity carried around the heart?

A

SA node → AV node→ bundle of his → left + right bundle of his branches → purkinje fibres

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18
Q

What is the first wave on ECG and what causes this?

A
  • P wave: atrial depolarisation
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19
Q

What is the peak on the ECG and what causes this?

A
  • QRs complex ventricular depolarisation
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20
Q

What is the 2nd wave on ECG and what causes this?

A
  • T wave ventricular repolarisation
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21
Q

What is the PR interval and what is the normal range for this?

A
  • PR interval 0.12 - 0.2s
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22
Q

What does the duration of the QRS complex correspond to

A

TimeFor ventricle to depolarise 0.08s 3 small boxes

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23
Q

What does the QT interval correspond to and what is the normal range for this?

A

Time for ventricle to deplane and repolarise 0.42s

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24
Q

What is meant by stemi

A

High ST interval for myocardial infarction

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25
Q

What is meant by non-stemi

A

Non- ST elevation in myocardial infarction

26
Q

Sinus tachycardia features

A
  • P waves slightly not present faster rate
27
Q

Sinus brachycardia features

A
28
Q

Normal sinus rhythm

A
29
Q

Steps of the cardiac cycle

A
30
Q

Label pressure volume loop in question jotter

A

Boop

31
Q

What causes the first to 4th heart sounds

A
32
Q

Effect of sympathetic system on heart rate

A
  • Release nor adrenaline paired with circulating adrenaline act on B1 receptors on SA mode and increase heart rate
33
Q

Explain the effects of the parasympathetic system on heart rate.

A
  • Vagus nerves release acetylcholine which act on muscamic receptors on SA node, decreases slope of pacemaker potential and decrease heart rate
34
Q

Explain the effects of the sympathetic system on stroke volume

A
35
Q

Explain the effects of the parasympathetic system on stroke volume

A
36
Q

Explain the effects of preload and afterload on stroke volume

A

Preload: increase venues return, EDV and there for stroke volume

Afterload: load that muscle tries to contract, if TPR (total peripheral resistance) increases stroke volume will go down

37
Q

Describe the importance of these factors in the control of cardiac output

A
38
Q

Define systolic pressure

A
39
Q

Define diastolic pressure

A
40
Q

Define pulse pressure

A
41
Q

Explain the origin of the korotkoff sounds and their use

A
42
Q

Illustrate the changes in the aortic pressure wave as it passes through the vascular tree

A
43
Q

Illustrate the changes in blood velocity and total crossectional area of the vessels
throughout the vasculature

A
44
Q

Indicate the factors affecting pressure & flow in veins

A
45
Q

Describe the mechanisms that prevent blood clotting in vessels

A
46
Q

Identify the processes involved in transport between capillaries and tissues

A
47
Q

Explain the significance of the blood-brain barrier.

A
48
Q

Explain the significance of Starling
forces and the lymphatic system in relation to oedema

A
49
Q

Justify the importance of Poiseuille’s Law in relation to the control of resistance and
blood flow

A
50
Q

Define active hyperaemia

A
51
Q

Define pressure autoregulation

A
52
Q

Define reactive hyperaemia

A
53
Q

Explain the basis of the injury response

A
54
Q

Identify various neural

A
55
Q

Identify hormonal

A
56
Q

Identity local factors affecting arteriolar tone

A
57
Q

Describe the dominant factors controlling blood flow in cardiac beds

A
58
Q

Describe the dominant factors controlling blood flow in cerebral beds

A
59
Q

Describe the dominant factors controlling blood flow in pulmonary beds

A
60
Q

Describe the dominant factors controlling blood flow in renal vascular beds

A

Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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