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Module 4 - pregnancy > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the early stages of development?

A

fertilisation and implantation

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2
Q

where is the site of fertilisation?

A

upper 3rd of oviduct

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3
Q

when does fertilisation occur?

A

24 hours after ovulation

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4
Q

what happens if fertilisation doesnt occur 24 hours after ovulation?

A

the ovum starts to disintegrate

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5
Q

how long do sperm survive in the reproductive tract?

A

48 hours to 5 days

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6
Q

how many sperm reach site of fertilisation?

A

0.0001%

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7
Q

what does the fertilised ovum divide and differentiate to become?

A

blastocyst

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8
Q

where is the site of implantation?

A

endometrium in the uterus

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9
Q

what happens during implantation of the blastocyst?

A

blastocyst adheres to endometrial lining
trophoblastic cells begin to penetrate endometrium

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10
Q

what happens after implantation?

A

inner cell mass differentiation which gives rise to start of amniotic cavity

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11
Q

what happens when implantation ends?

A

blastocyst is buried in the endometrium

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12
Q

when is the feotus in position at full term?

A

placentation

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13
Q

what does the placenta form?

A

kidneys
digestive system
respiratory system

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14
Q

how do nutrients and O2 reach the foetus?

A

maternal blood
acquired by mothers digestive and respiratory system

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15
Q

how does CO2 and waste dispose from the feotus?

A

transferred into maternal blood
eliminated by mothers kidneys and lungs

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16
Q

what travels across placenta by simple diffusion?

A

CO2
O2
H20
electrolytes

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17
Q

what travels across placenta by facilitated diffusion?

A

glucose

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18
Q

what travels across the placenta by secondary active transport?

A

amino acid

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19
Q

what travels across the placenta by receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

cholesterol

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20
Q

what are the 3 endocrine systems that interact and support the growth and devlopment of feotus?

A

placental hormones
maternal hormones
foetal hormones

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21
Q

what are the 3 most important placental hormones?

A

HCG
oestrogen
progesterone

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22
Q

what is HCG?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin
- peptide placental hormone

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23
Q

what is the role of HCG?

A

prolongs lifespan of corpus luteum

stimulates secretion of testosterone

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24
Q

what is the CL of pregnancy?

A

ovarian endocrine unit
- produces oestrogen and progesterone for 10 weeks post implantation

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25
Q

in males, what does HCG stimulate?

A

precursor Leydig cells in testes

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26
Q

where is HCG eliminated?

A

urine

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27
Q

what does synthesis of oestrogen require?

A

complex interaction between placenta and foetus

28
Q

what is the role of oestrogen?

A

stimulate growth of myometrium
- stronger uterine muscle
- mammary gland ducts

29
Q

where is progesterone made?

A

placenta soon after implantation

30
Q

when does progesterone increase to reflect placental growth?

A

last 7 months of gestation

31
Q

what is the role of progesterone?

A

prevent miscarriage by supressing contractions of uterine myometrium

promotes mucus plug in cervical canal

milk glands

32
Q

what is the job of the mucus plug in cervical canal?

A

prevent contaminants reaching foetus

33
Q

what secretes both oestrogen and progesterone?

A

CL of pregnancy - trimester 1
placenta - trimester 2

34
Q

how long is the gestation period?

A

38 weeks from conception
40 weeks from end of last period

35
Q

what are physical changes that happen to mother during pregnancy?

A
  • Uterine enlargement
  • Breasts enlarge and develop ability to produce milk.
  • Blood volume increase by 30%
  • Weight gain
  • Increased respiratory activity 20%
  • Increased urinary output.
  • Kidneys excrete additional waste from foetus.
36
Q

what does parturition require?

A
  1. Dilation of cervical canal
  2. Contractions of uterine myometrium
37
Q

what are contractions called in the last trimester, preparing for birth?

A

braxton-kicks

38
Q

what causes cervix to soften?

A

dissociation of cervical collagen fibres
caused by relaxin

39
Q

what is the role of relaxin?

A

dissociation of cervical collagen fibres
relaxes birth canal by loosening connective tissue between pelvic bones

40
Q

what is relaxin?

A

peptide hormone produces by CL of pregnancy and placenta

41
Q

what is a breech birth?

A

any part of body other than head approaches the birth canal first

42
Q

when is oxytocin secreted?

A

once parturition has begun

43
Q

what does oxytocin secretion do?

A

increases uterine secretions

44
Q

where is oxytocin secreted from?

A

posterior pituitary

45
Q

what happens during cervical dilation?

A

the membrane of surrounding amniotic sac ruptures. Amniotic fluid escapes out of vagina and helps lubricate the birth canal

46
Q

how much can the cervix dilate?

A

up to 10cm

47
Q

when does delivery occur?

A

once cervical dilation is complete - 30-90 minutes

48
Q

how is the baby pushed out?

A
  • Stretch receptors in vagina activate a neural reflex that triggers contraction of abdominal wall in synchrony with uterine contractions.
  • Mother can also voluntarily contract abs.
49
Q

what happens 15-30 minutes after delivery?

A

delivery of placenta

50
Q

what is involution?

A

After delivery, the uterus shrinks to its pregestational size – takes 4-6 weeks

51
Q

what is involution induced by?

A

Fall in oestrogen and progesterone when the placenta is lost at delivery

52
Q

what enhances involution?

A

mothers who breast-feed their infants as oxytocin promotes myometrial contractions that help maintain uterine muscle tone

53
Q

what do breasts develop during pregnancy?

A
  • Develop glandular structure.
  • Each duct terminates in a lobule.
  • Lobule made of milk producing glands – alveoli.
  • Milk is secreted from epithelial cells into lumen
54
Q

what promotes duct development?

A

oestrogen

55
Q

what stimulates alveolar-lobular formation?

A

progesterone

56
Q

what induce synthesis of enzymes needed for milk production?

A

prolactin
hCS

57
Q

What stimulates milk production?

A

prolactin

58
Q

how is action of prolactin blocked in later stages of pregnancy?

A

high levels of oestrogen and progesterone

59
Q

how can prolactin induce milk immediately after parturition?

A

oestrogen and progesterone levels fall

60
Q

what does suckling trigger?

A

a neuroendocrine reflex that leads to secretion of:
- prolactin
- oxytocin

61
Q

what is prolactin for?

A

milk production

62
Q

what is oxytocin for?

A

milk ejection

63
Q

what nutrients does breast milk contain?

A

water, triglyceride, lactose, proteins, vitamins, calcium. and phosphate.
In addition; immune cells and antibodies

64
Q

other than nutrients, what else does breast milk contain?

A

immune cells and antibodies

65
Q

what is the colostrum?

A

milk produced in first 5 days post delivery

66
Q

what does colostrum contain?

A

lower concentrations of fat and lactose but higher concentrations of immunoprotective agents

67
Q

what are advantages of breastfeeding to the mother?

A
  • Oxytocin release triggered hastens uterine involution.
  • Prolactin inhibits GnRH, suppressing FSH and LH secretion.
  • Prevents ovulation, decreasing likelihood of another pregnancy

Module 4 - pregnancy (2 decks)

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