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gastro > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

two main functions of the oesophagus

A

propulsion and peristalsis

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2
Q

what is propulsion ?

A

food going down oesophagus

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3
Q

what is peristalsis and what does it allow ?

A

involuntary contractions of smooth musles which allows propulsion

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4
Q

what are the two types of smooth muscle within musculariis extra ?

A

circular
longitudinal

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5
Q

what is the function of circular smooth muscle in the oesophagus ?

A

decreses segment diameter
( contracts )

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6
Q

what is the function of longitudinal smooth muscle in the oesophagus ?

A

decreases segment length
( shortens )

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7
Q

what is the function of the stomach (3) ?

A

churning
digestion
storage

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8
Q

when does the stomach function occur and what does it do ?

A

beginning of chemical digestion
turns food into chyme to be delivered into small intestine

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9
Q

what are the main cells in the stomach (6) ?

A

mucous cells
parietal cells
G-cells
D-cells
chief cells
enteroendocine cells

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10
Q

how do mucous cells function in the stomach and where are they secreted from ?

A

glands in neck basal regions produce mucous that protects the stomach lining and lubricates food

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11
Q

what is the function of parietal cells in stomach ?

A

produce HCL and intrinsic factor

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12
Q

what is the function of G-cells in stomach?

A

release gastrin (secretes HCL also promotes mucous)

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13
Q

what is the function of D-cells in stomach ?

A

release somatostatin

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14
Q

what is the function of chief cells in stomach ?

A

produce pepsinogen (protein digestion )

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15
Q

what is the function of enteroendocrine cells in the stomach ?

A

secrete histamine, somatostatin, serotonin and gherlin

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16
Q

what are the two main ways that allow function of the pancreas ?

A

endocrine and exocrine

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17
Q

what’s the prominent landmark of the endocrine system in the pancreas ?

A

islets of langerhans

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18
Q

what is the endocrine system in the pancreas responsible for ?

A

glucose homeostasis

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19
Q

what cells are responsible for glucose homeostasis ?

A

alpha cells = glucagon
beta cells = insulin
delta = somastatin which inhibits insulin and releases glucagon

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20
Q

what are the two main cells in the exocrine glands of the pancreas ?

A

acinar cells
ductal cells

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21
Q

how do acinar cells function and what are they stimulated by ?

A

secrete amylase and lipase
stimulated by secretin, CCK and vagus nerve

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22
Q

what is the ducatal cells responsible for ?

A

aqueous secretion (water, bicarb and sodium)

23
Q

what does bicarb do ?

A

bicarb neutralises chyme that enters duodenum so there is an optimal PH for the activation of digestive enzymes

24
Q

what allows for the function of gall bladder ?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

25
Q

what does cholecystokinin do ?

A

allows for contraction smooth muscle layer in gallbladder
leads to the release of bile into small intestine

26
Q

can the gall bladder contract in response to vagal stimulation ?

A

yes

27
Q

what is the flow of bile ?

A

cystic duct
common bile duct
ampulla of vater
duodenum

28
Q

what is bile ?

A

bile is fluid that breaks down fatty acids

29
Q

what are the function of the liver (5) ?

A

bile
storage - glycogen
detoxification
nutrient synthesis - albumin and clotting factors
phagocytosis - Kupffer cells

30
Q

what is the main bile pigment ?

A

bilirubin

31
Q

what gives feces dark colour ?

A

stercobilin

32
Q

what is the mnemonic for bile synthesis and function ?

A

My Baby Learns Intresting Exciting Riddles

macrophages
blood vessel
liver
intestine
excreted
recycled

33
Q

how does bilirubin get converted to unconjugated and where does it occur ?

A

in blood vessel
with addition of albumin

34
Q

where are bile salts conserved ?

A

via enterohepatic circulation

35
Q

where does unconjugated bilirubin turn into conjugated bilirubin?

A

in the liver

36
Q

what is the difference between unconjugated bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin ?

A

unconjugated - insoluble
conjugated - soluble, transfered to pee or faces

37
Q

where does bilirubin come from ?

A

waste product of hamoglobin from broken down erythrocytes

38
Q

what happens to conjugated bilirubin and what is it converted to ?

A

gets converted to urobiligen in intestines
can get excreted or recycled

39
Q

what is the main function of the small intestine ?

A

absorption - food breakdown products are absorbed

40
Q

what does small intestine have that maximise absorption surface area ?

A

circular folds
villi
microvilli

41
Q

what enzymes are present on microvilli to complete food digestion ?

A

brush border enzymes

42
Q

is the duodenum part of the small intestine ?

A

yes

43
Q

what is the anatomy of the duodenum and what does it receive ?

A

curves around head of pancreas and receives bile from liver and pancreas

44
Q

what and where does the ileum join the small intestine to ?

A

large intestine at ileocaecal valve

45
Q

what does the ileum contain ?

A

Peyers patches

46
Q

what is the function of Peyers patches in small intestine and how does this happen ?

A

limits infections

has lymphatic tissue secretions composed of daily B cells which release IgA

47
Q

what organs contributes more to small intestine digestion ?

A

pancreas and liver

48
Q

what are the main functions of the large intestine (4) ?

A

( ducks are pretty dumb )

digestion
absorption
propulsion
defaection

49
Q

how does digestion occur in the large intestine ?

A

by enteric bacteria

50
Q

what does liver absorb and what does this form ?

A

mainly water, electrolytes , vitamins to concentrate

forms faeces

51
Q

what occurs in the propulsion stage in the large intestine ?

A

propels faeces towards rectum

52
Q

what happens in the defaecation stage of the large intestine?

A

stores, eliminates faeces from from body

53
Q

how does gastrocolic reflex occur ?

A

stomach distension = colonic motility which increases mass movements

54
Q

;how does colonic motility occur (in detail sorry) ?

A

afferent limb (from stomach ) -> parasympathetic nervous system mediates -> efferent limb -> CCK, gastrin production -> increases colonic motility

gastro (6 decks)

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