physiology

Question 1

two main functions of the oesophagus

Answer 1

propulsion and peristalsis

Question 2

what is propulsion ?

Answer 2

food going down oesophagus

Question 3

what is peristalsis and what does it allow ?

Answer 3

involuntary contractions of smooth musles which allows propulsion

Question 4

what are the two types of smooth muscle within musculariis extra ?

Answer 4

circular
longitudinal

Question 5

what is the function of circular smooth muscle in the oesophagus ?

Answer 5

decreses segment diameter
( contracts )

Question 6

what is the function of longitudinal smooth muscle in the oesophagus ?

Answer 6

decreases segment length
( shortens )

Question 7

what is the function of the stomach (3) ?

Answer 7

churning
digestion
storage

Question 8

when does the stomach function occur and what does it do ?

Answer 8

beginning of chemical digestion
turns food into chyme to be delivered into small intestine

Question 9

what are the main cells in the stomach (6) ?

Answer 9

mucous cells
parietal cells
G-cells
D-cells
chief cells
enteroendocine cells

Question 10

how do mucous cells function in the stomach and where are they secreted from ?

Answer 10

glands in neck basal regions produce mucous that protects the stomach lining and lubricates food

Question 11

what is the function of parietal cells in stomach ?

Answer 11

produce HCL and intrinsic factor

Question 12

what is the function of G-cells in stomach?

Answer 12

release gastrin (secretes HCL also promotes mucous)

Question 13

what is the function of D-cells in stomach ?

Answer 13

release somatostatin

Question 14

what is the function of chief cells in stomach ?

Answer 14

produce pepsinogen (protein digestion )

Question 15

what is the function of enteroendocrine cells in the stomach ?

Answer 15

secrete histamine, somatostatin, serotonin and gherlin

Question 16

what are the two main ways that allow function of the pancreas ?

Answer 16

endocrine and exocrine

Question 17

what’s the prominent landmark of the endocrine system in the pancreas ?

Answer 17

islets of langerhans

Question 18

what is the endocrine system in the pancreas responsible for ?

Answer 18

glucose homeostasis

Question 19

what cells are responsible for glucose homeostasis ?

Answer 19

alpha cells = glucagon
beta cells = insulin
delta = somastatin which inhibits insulin and releases glucagon

Question 20

what are the two main cells in the exocrine glands of the pancreas ?

Answer 20

acinar cells
ductal cells

Question 21

how do acinar cells function and what are they stimulated by ?

Answer 21

secrete amylase and lipase
stimulated by secretin, CCK and vagus nerve

Question 22

what is the ducatal cells responsible for ?

Answer 22

aqueous secretion (water, bicarb and sodium)

Question 23

what does bicarb do ?

Answer 23

bicarb neutralises chyme that enters duodenum so there is an optimal PH for the activation of digestive enzymes

Question 24

what allows for the function of gall bladder ?

Answer 24

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 25

what does cholecystokinin do ?

Answer 25

allows for contraction smooth muscle layer in gallbladder leads to the release of bile into small intestine

Question 26

can the gall bladder contract in response to vagal stimulation ?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

what is the flow of bile ?

Answer 27

cystic duct common bile duct ampulla of vater duodenum

Question 28

what is bile ?

Answer 28

bile is fluid that breaks down fatty acids

Question 29

what are the function of the liver (5) ?

Answer 29

bile storage - glycogen detoxification nutrient synthesis - albumin and clotting factors phagocytosis - Kupffer cells

Question 30

what is the main bile pigment ?

Answer 30

bilirubin

Question 31

what gives feces dark colour ?

Answer 31

stercobilin

Question 32

what is the mnemonic for bile synthesis and function ?

Answer 32

My Baby Learns Intresting Exciting Riddles macrophages blood vessel liver intestine excreted recycled

Question 33

how does bilirubin get converted to unconjugated and where does it occur ?

Answer 33

in blood vessel with addition of albumin

Question 34

where are bile salts conserved ?

Answer 34

via enterohepatic circulation

Question 35

where does unconjugated bilirubin turn into conjugated bilirubin?

Answer 35

in the liver

Question 36

what is the difference between unconjugated bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin ?

Answer 36

unconjugated - insoluble conjugated - soluble, transfered to pee or faces

Question 37

where does bilirubin come from ?

Answer 37

waste product of hamoglobin from broken down erythrocytes

Question 38

what happens to conjugated bilirubin and what is it converted to ?

Answer 38

gets converted to urobiligen in intestines can get excreted or recycled

Question 39

what is the main function of the small intestine ?

Answer 39

absorption - food breakdown products are absorbed

Question 40

what does small intestine have that maximise absorption surface area ?

Answer 40

circular folds villi microvilli

Question 41

what enzymes are present on microvilli to complete food digestion ?

Answer 41

brush border enzymes

Question 42

is the duodenum part of the small intestine ?

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

what is the anatomy of the duodenum and what does it receive ?

Answer 43

curves around head of pancreas and receives bile from liver and pancreas

Question 44

what and where does the ileum join the small intestine to ?

Answer 44

large intestine at ileocaecal valve

Question 45

what does the ileum contain ?

Answer 45

Peyers patches

Question 46

what is the function of Peyers patches in small intestine and how does this happen ?

Answer 46

limits infections has lymphatic tissue secretions composed of daily B cells which release IgA

Question 47

what organs contributes more to small intestine digestion ?

Answer 47

pancreas and liver

Question 48

what are the main functions of the large intestine (4) ?

Answer 48

( ducks are pretty dumb ) digestion absorption propulsion defaection

Question 49

how does digestion occur in the large intestine ?

Answer 49

by enteric bacteria

Question 50

what does liver absorb and what does this form ?

Answer 50

mainly water, electrolytes , vitamins to concentrate forms faeces

Question 51

what occurs in the propulsion stage in the large intestine ?

Answer 51

propels faeces towards rectum

Question 52

what happens in the defaecation stage of the large intestine?

Answer 52

stores, eliminates faeces from from body

Question 53

how does gastrocolic reflex occur ?

Answer 53

stomach distension = colonic motility which increases mass movements

Question 54

;how does colonic motility occur (in detail sorry) ?

Answer 54

afferent limb (from stomach ) -> parasympathetic nervous system mediates -> efferent limb -> CCK, gastrin production -> increases colonic motility