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2MB Dermatology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

Skin

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2
Q

What is the outermost layer of skin called?

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

Which type of epithelium makes up epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Which layer of skin is deep to epidermis?

A

Dermis

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5
Q

Which tissue type makes up dermis?

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

Which germ layer forms epidermis?

A

Ectoderm (forms periderm)

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7
Q

Which germ layer forms dermis?

A

Mesoderm

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8
Q

In foetal skin development, which layers are formed after 16 weeks?

A 
Keratin layer (corneum)
granular layer (granulosum)
Prickle cell layer (spinosum)
Basal layer
Dermis
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9
Q

Which cell makes up 95% of epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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10
Q

The basal layer of skin is highly metabolically active. True/False?

A

True

Lots of intermediate filaments

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11
Q

Name 3 other epidermal cells (other than keratinocytes)

A

Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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12
Q

Where do melanocytes derive from?

A

Neuronal cell crest

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13
Q

What are melanocytes? Which layer of skin are they found?

A

Pigment-producing dendtritic cells
Basal layer
Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment

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14
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment and load colour onto adjacent keratinocytes

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15
Q

Eumelanin is brown/red

A

Brown

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16
Q

Phaeomelanin is brown/red

A

Red

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17
Q

Which disease results due to loss of melanocytes?

A

Vitiligo

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18
Q

Where do Langerhans cells derive from?

A

Bone marrow

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19
Q

What are Langerhans cells? Which layer of skin are they found?

A

Antigen-presenting cells

Prickle cell layer

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20
Q

What are Merkel cells? Where are they found?

A

Mechanoreceptors that aid sensation
Between keratinocytes + nerve fibres
Found in basal layer

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21
Q

What are the 3 phases of growth of a hair follicle?

A

Anagen (growing)
Catagen (curve inwards)
Telogen (resting/going bald)

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22
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ)?

A

The junction between the dermis and epidermis

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23
Q

List 2 key roles of the DEJ

A

Support, anchoring, adhesion and growth of epidermal cells

Semi-permeable membrane acts as a filter/barrier

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24
Q

Give an example of inherited skin fragility as a result of mutation to one of the proteins in the DEJ

A

Epidermolysis bullosa complex in young infants

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25
Give an example of acquired skin fragility
Dermatitis herpetiformis | Bullous pemphigoid
26
What do fibroblasts in the dermis produce?
Procollagen (becomes collagen) | Elastin
27
The blood vessel supply to skin is greater than its metabolic need. True/False?
True
28
Which nerve receptors sense pressure in skin?
Pacinian corpuscles
29
Which nerve receptors sense vibration in skin?
Meissners corpuscles
30
What do free nerve endings provide sense for in skin?
Temperature | Pain
31
Which inherited condition arises due to overgrowth of nerve endings?
Neurofibromatosis
32
List the 3 main secretory glands in skin
Eccrine Apocrine Sebaceous
33
Eccrine glands secrete ? Apocrine glands secrete ? Sebaceous glands secrete ?
Eccrine glands secrete sweat Apocrine glands secrete odourous fluid Sebaceous glands secrete moisturiser
34
Which areas of the body have a high concn of sebaceous glands?
Head, neck and chest
35
What is the significance of the melanin cap on basal cells?
Absorbs UV rays to protect DNA in the cells' nuclei
36
Which vitamin does skin metabolise?
Vitamin D
37
20% of thyroxine conversion to triiodothyronine (T4 to T3) is done in peripheral tissues such as skin. True/False?
False 80%! 20% in thyroid gland
38
Which cells help protect skin from UV rays?
Melanocytes
39
Ratio of melanocytes : basal cells = ?
1:10
40
Where is the papillary dermis found?
Uppermost layer of the dermis
41
What is the 5th layer of the epidermis in palm/soles called?
Stratum lucidium (between the corneum and granulosum)
42
What are precursors for keratinocytes?
Basal cells
43
What do keratinocytes do?
Create and store the protein keratin
44
What creates pigmentation in hair follicles?
Melanocytes above dermal papilla
45
What are the growth hormones for hair follicles?
Thyroxine | Androgens
46
What is nail body made from?
Packed dead keratinocytes
47
What is the dermis made from?
Two layers of connective tissue (collagen and elastin) containing Blood/lymphatics Nerves
48
What do pacinian receptors do?
Detect pressure
49
What do meissners receptors do?
Detect vibrations
50
What do sebaceous glands do?
Produce sebum for skin lubrication [+anti-infectious]
51
What are apocrine glands?
Hair follicle gland, produce oily fluid, gives sweat smell
52
What are eccrine glands?
Cover whole skin surface For cooling by evaporation Sympathetic cholinergic nerve supply
53
What does the skin act as a barrier to?
Physical (UV light) chemical (allergens) pathogens
54
What are the functions of the skin?
``` Barrier Metabolism Thermoregulation Immune defence Communication Sensory functions ```
55
What does the skin metabolise?
Vitamin D | Thyroid hormone metabolism
56
Where is vitamin D stored?
Liver
57
What is vitamin D converted to and where ?
Converted to 1, 25 dihydroxy-vtD3 | In the kidney
58
Acanthosis?
Increased thickness of epidermis
59
Parakeratosis?
Persistence of nuclei in the keratin layer
60
The developmental growth pattern of skin follows....?
Blaschko's lines

2MB Dermatology (13 decks)

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