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2MB Dermatology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

Skin

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2
Q

What is the outermost layer of skin called?

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

Which type of epithelium makes up epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Which layer of skin is deep to epidermis?

A

Dermis

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5
Q

Which tissue type makes up dermis?

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

Which germ layer forms epidermis?

A

Ectoderm (forms periderm)

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7
Q

Which germ layer forms dermis?

A

Mesoderm

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8
Q

In foetal skin development, which layers are formed after 16 weeks?

A 
Keratin layer (corneum)
granular layer (granulosum)
Prickle cell layer (spinosum)
Basal layer
Dermis
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9
Q

Which cell makes up 95% of epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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10
Q

The basal layer of skin is highly metabolically active. True/False?

A

True

Lots of intermediate filaments

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11
Q

Name 3 other epidermal cells (other than keratinocytes)

A

Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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12
Q

Where do melanocytes derive from?

A

Neuronal cell crest

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13
Q

What are melanocytes? Which layer of skin are they found?

A

Pigment-producing dendtritic cells
Basal layer
Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment

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14
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment and load colour onto adjacent keratinocytes

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15
Q

Eumelanin is brown/red

A

Brown

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16
Q

Phaeomelanin is brown/red

A

Red

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17
Q

Which disease results due to loss of melanocytes?

A

Vitiligo

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18
Q

Where do Langerhans cells derive from?

A

Bone marrow

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19
Q

What are Langerhans cells? Which layer of skin are they found?

A

Antigen-presenting cells

Prickle cell layer

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20
Q

What are Merkel cells? Where are they found?

A

Mechanoreceptors that aid sensation
Between keratinocytes + nerve fibres
Found in basal layer

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21
Q

What are the 3 phases of growth of a hair follicle?

A

Anagen (growing)
Catagen (curve inwards)
Telogen (resting/going bald)

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22
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ)?

A

The junction between the dermis and epidermis

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23
Q

List 2 key roles of the DEJ

A

Support, anchoring, adhesion and growth of epidermal cells

Semi-permeable membrane acts as a filter/barrier

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24
Q

Give an example of inherited skin fragility as a result of mutation to one of the proteins in the DEJ

A

Epidermolysis bullosa complex in young infants

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25
Q

Give an example of acquired skin fragility

A

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Bullous pemphigoid

26
Q

What do fibroblasts in the dermis produce?

A

Procollagen (becomes collagen)

Elastin

27
Q

The blood vessel supply to skin is greater than its metabolic need. True/False?

A

True

28
Q

Which nerve receptors sense pressure in skin?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

29
Q

Which nerve receptors sense vibration in skin?

A

Meissners corpuscles

30
Q

What do free nerve endings provide sense for in skin?

A

Temperature

Pain

31
Q

Which inherited condition arises due to overgrowth of nerve endings?

A

Neurofibromatosis

32
Q

List the 3 main secretory glands in skin

A

Eccrine
Apocrine
Sebaceous

33
Q

Eccrine glands secrete ?
Apocrine glands secrete ?
Sebaceous glands secrete ?

A

Eccrine glands secrete sweat
Apocrine glands secrete odourous fluid
Sebaceous glands secrete moisturiser

34
Q

Which areas of the body have a high concn of sebaceous glands?

A

Head, neck and chest

35
Q

What is the significance of the melanin cap on basal cells?

A

Absorbs UV rays to protect DNA in the cells’ nuclei

36
Q

Which vitamin does skin metabolise?

A

Vitamin D

37
Q

20% of thyroxine conversion to triiodothyronine (T4 to T3) is done in peripheral tissues such as skin. True/False?

A

False
80%!

20% in thyroid gland

38
Q

Which cells help protect skin from UV rays?

A

Melanocytes

39
Q

Ratio of melanocytes : basal cells = ?

A

1:10

40
Q

Where is the papillary dermis found?

A

Uppermost layer of the dermis

41
Q

What is the 5th layer of the epidermis in palm/soles called?

A

Stratum lucidium (between the corneum and granulosum)

42
Q

What are precursors for keratinocytes?

A

Basal cells

43
Q

What do keratinocytes do?

A

Create and store the protein keratin

44
Q

What creates pigmentation in hair follicles?

A

Melanocytes above dermal papilla

45
Q

What are the growth hormones for hair follicles?

A

Thyroxine

Androgens

46
Q

What is nail body made from?

A

Packed dead keratinocytes

47
Q

What is the dermis made from?

A

Two layers of connective tissue (collagen and elastin) containing
Blood/lymphatics
Nerves

48
Q

What do pacinian receptors do?

A

Detect pressure

49
Q

What do meissners receptors do?

A

Detect vibrations

50
Q

What do sebaceous glands do?

A

Produce sebum for skin lubrication [+anti-infectious]

51
Q

What are apocrine glands?

A

Hair follicle gland, produce oily fluid, gives sweat smell

52
Q

What are eccrine glands?

A

Cover whole skin surface
For cooling by evaporation
Sympathetic cholinergic nerve supply

53
Q

What does the skin act as a barrier to?

A

Physical (UV light)
chemical (allergens)
pathogens

54
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A 
Barrier
Metabolism
Thermoregulation
Immune defence
Communication
Sensory functions
55
Q

What does the skin metabolise?

A

Vitamin D

Thyroid hormone metabolism

56
Q

Where is vitamin D stored?

A

Liver

57
Q

What is vitamin D converted to and where ?

A

Converted to 1, 25 dihydroxy-vtD3

In the kidney

58
Q

Acanthosis?

A

Increased thickness of epidermis

59
Q

Parakeratosis?

A

Persistence of nuclei in the keratin layer

60
Q

The developmental growth pattern of skin follows….?

A

Blaschko’s lines

2MB Dermatology (13 decks)

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