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PLE Physiology > Physiology 1 - Renal, NS, Hema, Special Topics by Kurt Asperas > Flashcards

Physiology 1 - Renal, NS, Hema, Special Topics by Kurt Asperas Flashcards

1
Q

Source of Acetycholoine

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

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2
Q

Source of Dopamine

A

Substantia Nigra (Pars Compacta) Ventral tegmental area

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3
Q

Source of NE and E

A

Locus Ceruleus

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4
Q

Sources of Serotonin

A

Median Raphe of the Brainstem

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5
Q

Source of Histamine

A

Tubomammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

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6
Q

Nitric Oxide is from?

A

Histidine

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7
Q

No parasympathetic innervation (3)

A
  1. Ventricles of the Heart; 2. Almost all BV; 3. Pregnant Uterus [All sympathetic]
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8
Q

Alpha 1 Adrenoreceptor

A

Contraction/Constriction

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9
Q

Beta 2 Adrenoreceptor

A

Smooth Muscle RELAXATION

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10
Q

Beta 1 Adrenoreceptor

A

Heart; Kidney; Salivary Gland; Adipose Tissue

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11
Q

Beta 3 Adrenoreceptor

A

Brown Fat

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12
Q

Regulates Body Temperature

A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

Interleukins for fever

A

IL1 and IL6

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14
Q

PG E1 vs PG E2

A

E1-PDA; E2-Fever

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15
Q

Tx for Malignant Hyperthermia

A

Dandroline

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16
Q

Duration of Phophagen Energy System

A

8-10 Secs

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17
Q

Duration of Glycogen Lactic Acid

A

1.3-1.6 minutes

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18
Q

Athletes vs Nonathletes

A

Same Resting CO; Athletes 30L/min; Non-athletes 20L/min

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19
Q

Increase in muscle strength =

A

Increase in muscle size

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20
Q

1 g glycogen, would use

A

3ml of water

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21
Q

What height? Drowsiness, Headache, nausea, etc

A

12,000 ft

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22
Q

What height? Twitching/Seizures

A

18,000 ft

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23
Q

What height? Coma abd death

A

23,000 ft

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24
Q

Manifestation of acute mountain sickness

A

EDEMA - pulmonary and cerebral

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25
Q

Manifestation of chronic mountain sickness

A

Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and right sided heart failure

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26
Q

Manifestation of Decompression sickness

A

Bends and Chokes

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27
Q

Caisson’s Disease

A

Chronic Decompression Sickness

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28
Q

What produces EPO?

A

Interstitial cells of the peritubular capillaries

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29
Q

Level of Kidney

A

T12-L3

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30
Q

Secretes renin; Found in the afferent arteriole

A

JG cells

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31
Q

Monitor Na Concentration in the Distal Tubule

A

Macula Densa

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32
Q

Tubule most susceptible to hypoxia

A

PCT

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33
Q

66% absorbed in the PCT

A

Water, Na, K

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34
Q

100% absorbed in the PCT

A

Amino Acid and Glucose

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35
Q

Effect of Aldosterone on Principal Cells

A

Na reabsorption; K secretion (“Princpal K”)

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36
Q

Effect of Aldosterone on Intercalated Cells

A

H secretion (“Hi”)

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37
Q

Normal GFR

A

125ml/min; 180L/day

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38
Q

Normal CO

A

5L/min

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39
Q

Normal Blood Volume

A

5L (40% loss is fatal)

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40
Q

Normal Total Lung Volume

A

6L

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41
Q

Normal Filtration Fraction

A

20%

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42
Q

Highly autoregulated organs (4)

A

Brain, Heart, Kidneys, Muscles during Exercise

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43
Q

Normal Osmolarity

A

290 mOsm

44
Q

What do you call massive sympathetis stimulation that results in massive vasoconstriction of the kidney?

A

CNS Ischemic Response (Brain and Heart - spared)

45
Q

Constricts efferent arteriole

A

Angiotensin II

46
Q

Macula Densa Feedback for Autoregulation of GFR

A

Tubuloglomerular Feedback

47
Q

Percentage of solute reabsorbed is held constant

A

Glumerulotubular Balance

48
Q

Renal Treshold vs Renal Transport Maximum

A

Renal Treshold - At least 1 nephron is saturated, substance apperas in urine; Transport Maxiumum - ALL nephrons exhibit saturation, all excess substance appears in urine

49
Q

ASIN-DING limb

A

LH: Ascending is permeable to solute but not to water

50
Q

3 components of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

JG cells, MD, Lacis cells

51
Q

Effects of Aldosterone

A

Reabsorbs Na (and Water); Excretes H and K (Alkalosis and Hypokalemia)

52
Q

Cells that produce PTH

A

Chief Cells

53
Q

Formula for Renal Clearance

A

(Conc in urine X Vol of urine) divided by Conc in Plasma

54
Q

Substance with highest clearance

A

PAH - filtered and secreted

55
Q

Substancen with 0 clearance

A

Glucose and AA

56
Q

Glucose Renal Threshold

A

200mg/100ml

57
Q

Glucose Transport Maximum

A

375mg/ml

58
Q

Factors that shift K into cells/Increase K Secretion (4)

A

Insulin, Aldosterone, Beta Adrenergic, Alkalosis

59
Q

Normal serum K

A

4.2 mEq/L

60
Q

Normal serum Ca

A

2.4 mEq/L

61
Q

TRIO OF ELCTROLYTES

A

H, Ca, and K —> Low pH=High Ca & K

62
Q

Normal serum Mg

A

1.8 mEq/L

63
Q

Minimum UO/day

A

500ml/day (Max: 1200 mOsm/L)

64
Q

Determinants of Osmolarity (G-U-N)

A

Glucose, Urea, Na=Sodium)

65
Q

Thirst Center

A

Anteroventral wall of the 3rd ventricle and preoptic nuclei

66
Q

Micturition Center

A

Pons

67
Q

Sodium Channel Blockers of Neurons

A

Tetradotoxin (puffer fish) & Saxitoxin (red tide)

68
Q

Type A vs Type C fibers

A

Type A is thicker, more myelinated, faster, more accurate and precise

69
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

lesion in the HIPPOCAMPUS

70
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

lesion in the THALAMUS

71
Q

Produces oxytocin

A

Paraventricular Nuclei

72
Q

Produces vasopression

A

Supraoptic nuclei

73
Q

Satiety Center

A

Ventral Nuclei (V-usog)

74
Q

Hunger Center

A

Lateral Nuclei (L-amon)

75
Q

Sweating Center

A

Anterior Hypothalamus)

76
Q

Shivering Center

A

Posterior Hypothalamus

77
Q

Reward Center

A

Medial forebrain bundle

78
Q

Punishment Center

A

Central Gray Area around Aqueduct of sylvius

79
Q

Social Inhibition

A

Amygdala

80
Q

Master clock

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

81
Q

pH compatible with life

A

6.8-8.0

82
Q

MUDPILES: HAGMA

A

Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde/Propylene Glycol, Iron/Isoniazid/Idiopathic Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis, Ethylene glycol/ethanol, Salicylic Acid

83
Q

HARD UP: NAGMA (Hyperchloremic MA with NAG)

A

Hyperalimentation, ACETAZOLAMIDE, RTA, DIARRHEA, Ureteroenteric fistula, Pancreaticoduodenal Fistula)

84
Q

Relay station for sensation

A

Thalamus

85
Q

Fast Pain

A

Type A delta

86
Q

Slow pain

A

Type C

87
Q

NT: Fast Pain

A

Glutamate

88
Q

NT: Slow Pain

A

Substance P

89
Q

Rods are for

A

Night Time Vision

90
Q

Cones are for

A

Day Time Vision

91
Q

Cells that store Vitamin A in the Liver

A

haito cells

92
Q

Converge in front of the retina (Long Eyeball)

A

Myopia (give biconcave lenses)

93
Q

Converge behind the retina (short Eyeball)

A

hyperopi (give convex lenses)

94
Q

Irregular curvature of the cornea

A

astigmatism (give cylindrical lenses)

95
Q

Eye pigment that decreases cGMP causing closure of Na Channels (HYPERPOLARIZATION)

A

Metarhodopsin II

96
Q

Size of RBC

A

6-8 um

97
Q

Complement responsible for opsonization

A

c3b

98
Q

Complement responsible for inflammation

A

c3a, c4a, c5a (a=inflammation)

99
Q

Complement responsible for MAC

A

c5b, c6-c9

100
Q

Complement chemotactic for wbcs

A

c5a

101
Q

Events in hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular Constriction, 2. Platelet plug formation, 3. Blood coagulation, 4. Resolution
102
Q

Steps in platelet plug formation

A
  1. Adhesion, 2. activation, 3. aggregation
103
Q

Initiates Extrinsic Pathway

A

Tissue Factor (Factor 3)

104
Q

Initiates Intrinsic Pathway

A

Hageman Factor (Factor 12) and Platelets

105
Q

Hemophilia A

A

Factor 8 deficiency

106
Q

Hemophilia B

A

Factor 9 deficiency

PLE Physiology (1 decks)

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