Physiology 1 - Renal, NS, Hema, Special Topics by Kurt Asperas Flashcards
1
Q
Source of Acetycholoine
A
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert
2
Q
Source of Dopamine
A
Substantia Nigra (Pars Compacta) Ventral tegmental area
3
Q
Source of NE and E
A
Locus Ceruleus
4
Q
Sources of Serotonin
A
Median Raphe of the Brainstem
5
Q
Source of Histamine
A
Tubomammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
6
Q
Nitric Oxide is from?
A
Histidine
7
Q
No parasympathetic innervation (3)
A
- Ventricles of the Heart; 2. Almost all BV; 3. Pregnant Uterus [All sympathetic]
8
Q
Alpha 1 Adrenoreceptor
A
Contraction/Constriction
9
Q
Beta 2 Adrenoreceptor
A
Smooth Muscle RELAXATION
10
Q
Beta 1 Adrenoreceptor
A
Heart; Kidney; Salivary Gland; Adipose Tissue
11
Q
Beta 3 Adrenoreceptor
A
Brown Fat
12
Q
Regulates Body Temperature
A
Hypothalamus
13
Q
Interleukins for fever
A
IL1 and IL6
14
Q
PG E1 vs PG E2
A
E1-PDA; E2-Fever
15
Q
Tx for Malignant Hyperthermia
A
Dandroline
16
Q
Duration of Phophagen Energy System
A
8-10 Secs
17
Q
Duration of Glycogen Lactic Acid
A
1.3-1.6 minutes
18
Q
Athletes vs Nonathletes
A
Same Resting CO; Athletes 30L/min; Non-athletes 20L/min
19
Q
Increase in muscle strength =
A
Increase in muscle size
20
Q
1 g glycogen, would use
A
3ml of water
21
Q
What height? Drowsiness, Headache, nausea, etc
A
12,000 ft
22
Q
What height? Twitching/Seizures
A
18,000 ft
23
Q
What height? Coma abd death
A
23,000 ft
24
Q
Manifestation of acute mountain sickness
A
EDEMA - pulmonary and cerebral
25
Manifestation of chronic mountain sickness
Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and right sided heart failure
26
Manifestation of Decompression sickness
Bends and Chokes
27
Caisson's Disease
Chronic Decompression Sickness
28
What produces EPO?
Interstitial cells of the peritubular capillaries
29
Level of Kidney
T12-L3
30
Secretes renin; Found in the afferent arteriole
JG cells
31
Monitor Na Concentration in the Distal Tubule
Macula Densa
32
Tubule most susceptible to hypoxia
PCT
33
66% absorbed in the PCT
Water, Na, K
34
100% absorbed in the PCT
Amino Acid and Glucose
35
Effect of Aldosterone on Principal Cells
Na reabsorption; K secretion ("Princpal K")
36
Effect of Aldosterone on Intercalated Cells
H secretion ("Hi")
37
Normal GFR
125ml/min; 180L/day
38
Normal CO
5L/min
39
Normal Blood Volume
5L (40% loss is fatal)
40
Normal Total Lung Volume
6L
41
Normal Filtration Fraction
20%
42
Highly autoregulated organs (4)
Brain, Heart, Kidneys, Muscles during Exercise
43
Normal Osmolarity
290 mOsm
44
What do you call massive sympathetis stimulation that results in massive vasoconstriction of the kidney?
CNS Ischemic Response (Brain and Heart - spared)
45
Constricts efferent arteriole
Angiotensin II
46
Macula Densa Feedback for Autoregulation of GFR
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
47
Percentage of solute reabsorbed is held constant
Glumerulotubular Balance
48
Renal Treshold vs Renal Transport Maximum
Renal Treshold - At least 1 nephron is saturated, substance apperas in urine; Transport Maxiumum - ALL nephrons exhibit saturation, all excess substance appears in urine
49
ASIN-DING limb
LH: Ascending is permeable to solute but not to water
50
3 components of juxtaglomerular apparatus
JG cells, MD, Lacis cells
51
Effects of Aldosterone
Reabsorbs Na (and Water); Excretes H and K (Alkalosis and Hypokalemia)
52
Cells that produce PTH
Chief Cells
53
Formula for Renal Clearance
(Conc in urine X Vol of urine) divided by Conc in Plasma
54
Substance with highest clearance
PAH - filtered and secreted
55
Substancen with 0 clearance
Glucose and AA
56
Glucose Renal Threshold
200mg/100ml
57
Glucose Transport Maximum
375mg/ml
58
Factors that shift K into cells/Increase K Secretion (4)
Insulin, Aldosterone, Beta Adrenergic, Alkalosis
59
Normal serum K
4.2 mEq/L
60
Normal serum Ca
2.4 mEq/L
61
TRIO OF ELCTROLYTES
H, Ca, and K ---> Low pH=High Ca & K
62
Normal serum Mg
1.8 mEq/L
63
Minimum UO/day
500ml/day (Max: 1200 mOsm/L)
64
Determinants of Osmolarity (G-U-N)
Glucose, Urea, Na=Sodium)
65
Thirst Center
Anteroventral wall of the 3rd ventricle and preoptic nuclei
66
Micturition Center
Pons
67
Sodium Channel Blockers of Neurons
Tetradotoxin (puffer fish) & Saxitoxin (red tide)
68
Type A vs Type C fibers
Type A is thicker, more myelinated, faster, more accurate and precise
69
Anterograde amnesia
lesion in the HIPPOCAMPUS
70
Retrograde amnesia
lesion in the THALAMUS
71
Produces oxytocin
Paraventricular Nuclei
72
Produces vasopression
Supraoptic nuclei
73
Satiety Center
Ventral Nuclei (V-usog)
74
Hunger Center
Lateral Nuclei (L-amon)
75
Sweating Center
Anterior Hypothalamus)
76
Shivering Center
Posterior Hypothalamus
77
Reward Center
Medial forebrain bundle
78
Punishment Center
Central Gray Area around Aqueduct of sylvius
79
Social Inhibition
Amygdala
80
Master clock
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
81
pH compatible with life
6.8-8.0
82
MUDPILES: HAGMA
Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde/Propylene Glycol, Iron/Isoniazid/Idiopathic Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis, Ethylene glycol/ethanol, Salicylic Acid
83
HARD UP: NAGMA (Hyperchloremic MA with NAG)
Hyperalimentation, ACETAZOLAMIDE, RTA, DIARRHEA, Ureteroenteric fistula, Pancreaticoduodenal Fistula)
84
Relay station for sensation
Thalamus
85
Fast Pain
Type A delta
86
Slow pain
Type C
87
NT: Fast Pain
Glutamate
88
NT: Slow Pain
Substance P
89
Rods are for
Night Time Vision
90
Cones are for
Day Time Vision
91
Cells that store Vitamin A in the Liver
haito cells
92
Converge in front of the retina (Long Eyeball)
Myopia (give biconcave lenses)
93
Converge behind the retina (short Eyeball)
hyperopi (give convex lenses)
94
Irregular curvature of the cornea
astigmatism (give cylindrical lenses)
95
Eye pigment that decreases cGMP causing closure of Na Channels (HYPERPOLARIZATION)
Metarhodopsin II
96
Size of RBC
6-8 um
97
Complement responsible for opsonization
c3b
98
Complement responsible for inflammation
c3a, c4a, c5a (a=inflammation)
99
Complement responsible for MAC
c5b, c6-c9
100
Complement chemotactic for wbcs
c5a
101
Events in hemostasis
1. Vascular Constriction, 2. Platelet plug formation, 3. Blood coagulation, 4. Resolution
102
Steps in platelet plug formation
1. Adhesion, 2. activation, 3. aggregation
103
Initiates Extrinsic Pathway
Tissue Factor (Factor 3)
104
Initiates Intrinsic Pathway
Hageman Factor (Factor 12) and Platelets
105
Hemophilia A
Factor 8 deficiency
106
Hemophilia B
Factor 9 deficiency
