Physiology 1 Flashcards
What are the three components of the cardiovascular system?
The heart, blood, blood vessels
What serves as the transport medium within which materials being transported are dissolved or suspended?
Blood
What are the five main functions of the cardiovascular system?
- Distribute O2 and nutrients throughout body
- Transport CO2 and metabolic waste products
- Distribute water, electrolytes, and hormones throughout body
- Contribute to infrastructure of immune system
- Thermoregulation
What is the pump for the body?
The heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) does what?
Lowers blood pressure by increasing urine production, thus reducing blood volume
___________ function as the passageways through which blood is directed and distributed.
Blood vessels
Vascular endothelial cells are found where?
Lining the inner surface of blood vessels
________ and ________ are two important endothelial vasodilators.
Nitric oxide and prostacyclin
________ and __________ are two important endothelial vasoconstrictors.
Endothelin and thromboxane A2
The heart’s main function is a pump. Its second function is an _________?
Endocrine organ
When atrial blood pressure is increased, what is released?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
The two main circuits of the cardiovascular system are: ________ and ___________.
Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation
The rate blood is pumped from each ventricle: __________.
Cardiac output
The rate blood is returned to the atria from the vein: ______.
Venus return
What is the definition of stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle with each contraction of the heart
The pressure in the artery when no blood is being ejected from the left ventricle: __________.
Diastolic pressure
The lowest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle is ____________.
Diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure is ___________.
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
The __________________ reflects the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle in a single beat.
Magnitude of the pulse pressure
The volume in the ventricle before ejection is called what?
End-diastolic volume or preload
The volume in the ventricle after ejection is called what?
End-systolic volume
What circuit of the cardiovascular system pumps blood of all organs?
Systemic circulation
The pulmonary circulation circuit consists of the _________, __________, ___________, and __________.
Right heart, pulmonary arteries, veins, and capillaries
Systemic circulation is what type of circulation?
High pressue
What circulatory circuit utilizes of the left heart, systemic arteries, capillaries, and veins?
Systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation pumps blood to the _________ via __________.
Lungs, low pressure circulation
The period of cardiac contraction and emptying is known as ____________.
Systole
Systolic pressure is the ___________ arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle.
Highest
The pressure in the artery after blood has been ejected from the left ventricle is _____________.
Systolic pressure
Diastole is the period of cardiac _________ and __________.
Relaxation and filling
Blood is pumped sequentially from the ________ ventricle into systemic circulation, the ________ ventricle into _________ circulation, then back to the left heart.
Left, right, pulmonary
MAP stands for ___________?
Mean arterial pressure
The average pressure responsible for driving blood into the tissues through the cardiac cycle is _____________?
Mean arterial pressure
Mean arterial pressure is monitored and regulated by ___________.
Blood pressure reflexes
The heart pumps against this type of pressure __________..
After-load
The three primary classes of blood plasma proteins are __________, ___________, and __________.
Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
How does EDTA effect blood ?
Prevents it from clotting
Heparin is a natural product of what three types of cells?
Mast, endothelial, and WBCs
What two groups establish the osmotic gradient between blood and interstitial fluid?
Free carboxyl (–COOH) and free amino (–NH2)
The buffer system in blood plasma allows what to be released when pH rises?
H+ ions of the protein carboxyl group
If pH falls in the blood, a _________ animo group can ___________ with H+ ions to establish equilibrium.
basic, combine
What is the primary force responsible for preventing excessive loss of plasma from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid?
Osmotic pressure
What helps maintain plasma volume?
The osmotic gradient
This component of the blood makes up 55% of plasma proteins and is the major contributor to osmotic pressure.
Albumin
Albumin is also important in the _________ of fatty acids.
Transport
There are _________ types of transport globulins.
Five
38% of plasma proteins are what?
Globulins
Thryoid binding globulin transports and binds what hormone?
Thyroxine
Transcortin transports _________ and __________ in the blood.
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol
What transport globulin shuttles iron?
Transferrin
Sex hormones are transported by ______________, which are globulins.
Steroid-binding proteins
_________________ are crucial to the defense mechanisms of the body.
Immunoglobulins
Fibrinogen’s job is to _____________ and makes up ______________ percent of plasma proteins.
Clot blood, 7%
These three polypeptide hormones are referred to as regulatory proteins: ____________, ____________, ___________.
Prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and insulin
More than 90% of plasma proteins are produced in what organ?
Liver
Lymphocytes produce _____________________.
Immunoglobulins
Plasma hormones are produced by various ____________.
Endocrine organs
The primary difference between plasma and interstitial fluid are __________ and _________.
Concentration of dissolved proteins and levels of respiratory gasses
O2 enters the blood in the ___________ and CO2 enters the blood from the __________.
Lungs, tissues
Hemopoiesis takes place in the _____________.
Bone marrow
True or false: hemopoiesis and hematopoiesis are the same processes?
True
True or false: platelets are cells.
False, they are pieces of cells.
A hemocytoblast will produce _________ or __________ stem cells.
Myeloid or lmyphoid
What cell can either replace itself or commit to a particular pathway when it divides?
Hemocytoblast
Lymphoid stem cells are mostly formed in the __________ and ___________.
Lymph nodes and spleen
Myeloid stem cells develop into their respective formed elements under the influence of what three hormones?
Erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and colony stimulating factors
Myeloid stem cells differentiate into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes under the influence of ________________.
Colony stimulating factors
Megakaryocytes then platelets develop from myeloid stem cells under the influence of _____________.
Thrombopoietin
Reticulocytes then RBCs develop from myeloid stem cells under the influence of this hormone ________________.
Erythropoietin
What are the four hematopoietic growth factors that stimulate white blood cell production?
- Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)
- Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF)
- Granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CFS)
- Multi-CFS
Multi-CFS does what to production of granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes?
Accelerates
Erythropoietin (EPO) operates on what kind of system?
Negative feedback
How many stages of development are there in erythropoiesis?
Four
Erythrocytes are derived from ____________ and hemocytoblasts in _______________.
Committed stem cells and red bone marrow
Erythropoietin is a hormone produced mostly in the ___________.
Kidneys
Reduced ______________ stimulates EPO replease from the kidneys to launch the development of erythrocytes.
O2 carrying compacity
___________ and ____________ of erythrocytes are maintained at an equal rate.
Production and destruction
True or false: a reticulocyte loses its endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and ribosomes as it matures into a erythrocyte.
True
An immature erythrocyte is called a ___________.
Reticulocyte
What shape are erythrocytes?
Biconcave
What has many important effects on RBC function?
Its unique shape
How many effects does the shape of the RBC have on its function?
Three
True or false: RBCs have a large surface area to allow O2 diffusion across membrane.
True
True or false: Thickness of the cell allows for reapid diffusion of O2 between the exterior and interior of the cell.
False, thinness does.
True or false: the erythrocyte’s flat, disc-like shape helps it travel through the capillaries without rupturing.
True
Oxygenated hemoglobin is referred to as __________.
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin transports O2 and consists of two portions: ______________ and ________________.
A globin and four heme groups.
What are heme groups?
Four highly folded iron-containing, non-protein polypeptide chains that make up hemoglobin
Four ___________ molecules bind reversibly with _________ molecules on the RBC.
O2, iron
Oxygen is ________________ in plasma.
Poorly soluble
What percentage of O2 is bound to hemoglobin in the blood?
99%
True or false: the globulin portion of hemoglobin also binds CO2.
True
Carbanimophemoglobin carries _________% of CO2 in the blood?
23%
What is the physiological significance of the 1% dissolved O2 in the blood?
It drives hemoglobin to drop off bound O2 molecules in the lungs by binding with CO2.