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Physiology 1- Circulatory System- Blood: DVM > Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart, blood, blood vessels

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2
Q

What serves as the transport medium within which materials being transported are dissolved or suspended?

A

Blood

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3
Q

What are the five main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Distribute O2 and nutrients throughout body
  2. Transport CO2 and metabolic waste products
  3. Distribute water, electrolytes, and hormones throughout body
  4. Contribute to infrastructure of immune system
  5. Thermoregulation
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4
Q

What is the pump for the body?

A

The heart

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5
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) does what?

A

Lowers blood pressure by increasing urine production, thus reducing blood volume

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6
Q

___________ function as the passageways through which blood is directed and distributed.

A

Blood vessels

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7
Q

Vascular endothelial cells are found where?

A

Lining the inner surface of blood vessels

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8
Q

________ and ________ are two important endothelial vasodilators.

A

Nitric oxide and prostacyclin

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9
Q

________ and __________ are two important endothelial vasoconstrictors.

A

Endothelin and thromboxane A2

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10
Q

The heart’s main function is a pump. Its second function is an _________?

A

Endocrine organ

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11
Q

When atrial blood pressure is increased, what is released?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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12
Q

The two main circuits of the cardiovascular system are: ________ and ___________.

A

Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation

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13
Q

The rate blood is pumped from each ventricle: __________.

A

Cardiac output

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14
Q

The rate blood is returned to the atria from the vein: ______.

A

Venus return

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15
Q

What is the definition of stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle with each contraction of the heart

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16
Q

The pressure in the artery when no blood is being ejected from the left ventricle: __________.

A

Diastolic pressure

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17
Q

The lowest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle is ____________.

A

Diastolic pressure

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18
Q

Pulse pressure is ___________.

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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19
Q

The __________________ reflects the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle in a single beat.

A

Magnitude of the pulse pressure

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20
Q

The volume in the ventricle before ejection is called what?

A

End-diastolic volume or preload

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21
Q

The volume in the ventricle after ejection is called what?

A

End-systolic volume

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22
Q

What circuit of the cardiovascular system pumps blood of all organs?

A

Systemic circulation

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23
Q

The pulmonary circulation circuit consists of the _________, __________, ___________, and __________.

A

Right heart, pulmonary arteries, veins, and capillaries

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24
Q

Systemic circulation is what type of circulation?

A

High pressue

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25
Q

What circulatory circuit utilizes of the left heart, systemic arteries, capillaries, and veins?

A

Systemic circulation

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26
Q

Pulmonary circulation pumps blood to the _________ via __________.

A

Lungs, low pressure circulation

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27
Q

The period of cardiac contraction and emptying is known as ____________.

A

Systole

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28
Q

Systolic pressure is the ___________ arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle.

A

Highest

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29
Q

The pressure in the artery after blood has been ejected from the left ventricle is _____________.

A

Systolic pressure

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30
Q

Diastole is the period of cardiac _________ and __________.

A

Relaxation and filling

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31
Q

Blood is pumped sequentially from the ________ ventricle into systemic circulation, the ________ ventricle into _________ circulation, then back to the left heart.

A

Left, right, pulmonary

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32
Q

MAP stands for ___________?

A

Mean arterial pressure

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33
Q

The average pressure responsible for driving blood into the tissues through the cardiac cycle is _____________?

A

Mean arterial pressure

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34
Q

Mean arterial pressure is monitored and regulated by ___________.

A

Blood pressure reflexes

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35
Q

The heart pumps against this type of pressure __________..

A

After-load

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36
Q

The three primary classes of blood plasma proteins are __________, ___________, and __________.

A

Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

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37
Q

How does EDTA effect blood ?

A

Prevents it from clotting

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38
Q

Heparin is a natural product of what three types of cells?

A

Mast, endothelial, and WBCs

39
Q

What two groups establish the osmotic gradient between blood and interstitial fluid?

A

Free carboxyl (–COOH) and free amino (–NH2)

40
Q

The buffer system in blood plasma allows what to be released when pH rises?

A

H+ ions of the protein carboxyl group

41
Q

If pH falls in the blood, a _________ animo group can ___________ with H+ ions to establish equilibrium.

A

basic, combine

42
Q

What is the primary force responsible for preventing excessive loss of plasma from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid?

A

Osmotic pressure

43
Q

What helps maintain plasma volume?

A

The osmotic gradient

44
Q

This component of the blood makes up 55% of plasma proteins and is the major contributor to osmotic pressure.

A

Albumin

45
Q

Albumin is also important in the _________ of fatty acids.

A

Transport

46
Q

There are _________ types of transport globulins.

A

Five

47
Q

38% of plasma proteins are what?

A

Globulins

48
Q

Thryoid binding globulin transports and binds what hormone?

A

Thyroxine

49
Q

Transcortin transports _________ and __________ in the blood.

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol

50
Q

What transport globulin shuttles iron?

A

Transferrin

51
Q

Sex hormones are transported by ______________, which are globulins.

A

Steroid-binding proteins

52
Q

_________________ are crucial to the defense mechanisms of the body.

A

Immunoglobulins

53
Q

Fibrinogen’s job is to _____________ and makes up ______________ percent of plasma proteins.

A

Clot blood, 7%

54
Q

These three polypeptide hormones are referred to as regulatory proteins: ____________, ____________, ___________.

A

Prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and insulin

55
Q

More than 90% of plasma proteins are produced in what organ?

A

Liver

56
Q

Lymphocytes produce _____________________.

A

Immunoglobulins

57
Q

Plasma hormones are produced by various ____________.

A

Endocrine organs

58
Q

The primary difference between plasma and interstitial fluid are __________ and _________.

A

Concentration of dissolved proteins and levels of respiratory gasses

59
Q

O2 enters the blood in the ___________ and CO2 enters the blood from the __________.

A

Lungs, tissues

60
Q

Hemopoiesis takes place in the _____________.

A

Bone marrow

61
Q

True or false: hemopoiesis and hematopoiesis are the same processes?

A

True

62
Q

True or false: platelets are cells.

A

False, they are pieces of cells.

63
Q

A hemocytoblast will produce _________ or __________ stem cells.

A

Myeloid or lmyphoid

64
Q

What cell can either replace itself or commit to a particular pathway when it divides?

A

Hemocytoblast

65
Q

Lymphoid stem cells are mostly formed in the __________ and ___________.

A

Lymph nodes and spleen

66
Q

Myeloid stem cells develop into their respective formed elements under the influence of what three hormones?

A

Erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and colony stimulating factors

67
Q

Myeloid stem cells differentiate into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes under the influence of ________________.

A

Colony stimulating factors

68
Q

Megakaryocytes then platelets develop from myeloid stem cells under the influence of _____________.

A

Thrombopoietin

69
Q

Reticulocytes then RBCs develop from myeloid stem cells under the influence of this hormone ________________.

A

Erythropoietin

70
Q

What are the four hematopoietic growth factors that stimulate white blood cell production?

A
  1. Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)
  2. Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF)
  3. Granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CFS)
  4. Multi-CFS
71
Q

Multi-CFS does what to production of granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes?

A

Accelerates

72
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) operates on what kind of system?

A

Negative feedback

73
Q

How many stages of development are there in erythropoiesis?

A

Four

74
Q

Erythrocytes are derived from ____________ and hemocytoblasts in _______________.

A

Committed stem cells and red bone marrow

75
Q

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced mostly in the ___________.

A

Kidneys

76
Q

Reduced ______________ stimulates EPO replease from the kidneys to launch the development of erythrocytes.

A

O2 carrying compacity

77
Q

___________ and ____________ of erythrocytes are maintained at an equal rate.

A

Production and destruction

78
Q

True or false: a reticulocyte loses its endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and ribosomes as it matures into a erythrocyte.

A

True

79
Q

An immature erythrocyte is called a ___________.

A

Reticulocyte

80
Q

What shape are erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave

81
Q

What has many important effects on RBC function?

A

Its unique shape

82
Q

How many effects does the shape of the RBC have on its function?

A

Three

83
Q

True or false: RBCs have a large surface area to allow O2 diffusion across membrane.

A

True

84
Q

True or false: Thickness of the cell allows for reapid diffusion of O2 between the exterior and interior of the cell.

A

False, thinness does.

85
Q

True or false: the erythrocyte’s flat, disc-like shape helps it travel through the capillaries without rupturing.

A

True

86
Q

Oxygenated hemoglobin is referred to as __________.

A

Oxyhemoglobin

87
Q

Hemoglobin transports O2 and consists of two portions: ______________ and ________________.

A

A globin and four heme groups.

88
Q

What are heme groups?

A

Four highly folded iron-containing, non-protein polypeptide chains that make up hemoglobin

89
Q

Four ___________ molecules bind reversibly with _________ molecules on the RBC.

A

O2, iron

90
Q

Oxygen is ________________ in plasma.

A

Poorly soluble

91
Q

What percentage of O2 is bound to hemoglobin in the blood?

A

99%

92
Q

True or false: the globulin portion of hemoglobin also binds CO2.

A

True

93
Q

Carbanimophemoglobin carries _________% of CO2 in the blood?

A

23%

94
Q

What is the physiological significance of the 1% dissolved O2 in the blood?

A

It drives hemoglobin to drop off bound O2 molecules in the lungs by binding with CO2.

Physiology 1- Circulatory System- Blood: DVM (1 decks)

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