Physiological Response To Inflammation

Question 1

Cutaneous wound healing stages

Answer 1

1. Injury
2. Coagulation
3. Early inflammation
4. Late inflammation
5. Proliferation
6. Remodeling

Question 2

The microcirculation has a role in

Answer 2

Acute or intermediate inflammation
Oedema formation
Long term inflammatory conditions

Question 3

In normal state, blood flow through tissue depends on?

Answer 3

Systemic arterial pressure (function of CO and total peripheral resistance;
Local vascular resistance (arteriolar tone) -
Neuronal constrictor and dilatory influences - noradrenaline and sensory nerves;
Endocrine and paracrine hormones (angiotensin II and PGs);
PO2 and pCO2;

Question 4

Blood vessels have….capillaries don’t

Capillaries have…

Answer 4

Endothelial cell monolayer surrounded by smooth muscle cells that alters vessel calibre;
A monolayer of endothelial cell that passively responds to hydrostatic pressure;

Question 5

Cardinal symptoms of acute inflammation, events at the level of microcirulation

Answer 5

Heat;
Redness;
Swelling;
Pain;
Loss of function;

Question 6

Inflammatory mediators that influence anterior tone are derived from…

Answer 6

Tissue fluid;
Tissue cells;
Leukocytes;
Nerve endings

Question 7

Local redness caused by?

Answer 7

Histamine released by skin mast cells - vasodilation and increased Blood flow

Question 8

Pain is caused by?

Answer 8

Bradykinin (Bk) - direct vasodilation, release of endothelial prostoglandins (PGs);
Bk stimulates nocireceptors (sensitised by PGs);

Question 9

Heat is caused by?

Answer 9

Increased local temperature

Question 10

The monolayer of endothelial cells function as?

What stays within the lumen of the vessel?

Answer 10

Permeability barrier;

Plasma proteins and water;

Question 11

All cells contain contractile elements

Answer 11

Actin, myosin and tropomyosin

Question 12

Protein distribution in arteriolar and venular endothelium…

Answer 12

Proteins distributed evenly in cells;

Selective distribution around gaps/pores between cells;

Question 13

Why is the venular site ideal for modification of micro vascular permeability?

Answer 13

Low hydrostatic pressure;

Large surface area;

Question 14

Swelling is caused by?

Answer 14

Oedema is due to leakage of plasma proteins into extracellular space (extravasion);
Endothelial damage;
Modulation of post capillary venule pores

Question 15

Agents that increase venular permeability - contract pore proteins by increasing Ca?

Answer 15

Histamine;
Bradykinins;
Leukotriene C4 and D4 and platelet activating factor;

Question 16

Agents that decrease venular permeability - relax pore Proteins by cyclic AMP

Answer 16

Beta-adrenoreceptor agonists - salbutamol;

PGI2

Question 17

Triple response in the skin

Answer 17

Flush in area of damage - release of histamine by mast cells and immediate vasodilation;
Flare - extensive vasodilation in surrounding undamaged tissue (redness);
Activation of sensory nerves (pain and itching);

Wheal - oedema (swelling) in damaged area;
Later event associated with flush - direct damage to endothelium, activation of complement, modification of vascular permeability leads to protein extravasion;

Question 18

Effect of oral anti-histamines

Answer 18

Reduces magnitude of histamine induced temp change but does not abolish response