Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Physiological Psychology/Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology/Psychopharmacology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
0
Q

What are beta-blockers used to treat?

A

Cardiovascular disorders, glaucoma, and migraine headache and are also useful for reducing the physical symptoms of anxiety.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are beta-blockers (propranolol)?

A

Propranolol and other beta-blockers block or diminish the cardiovascular excitatory response to the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

They are used to treat cardiovascular disorders, glaucoma, and migraine headache and are also useful for reducing the physical symptoms of anxiety.

Common side effects are bradycardia, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, decreased sexual ability, and trouble sleeping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the common side effects of propranolol?

A

Bradycardia (slow heart rate), nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, decreased sexual ability, and trouble sleeping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Schizophrenia is due to overactivity at dopamine receptors either as the result of oversensitivity of the receptors or excessive dopamine levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Causes by hypersecretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland and is characterized by a speeded-up metabolism, elevated body temperature, accelerated heart rate, increased appetite with weight loss, nervousness, and insomnia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine and involves a slowed metabolism, slowed heart rate, lethargy, lowered body temperature, impaired concentration and memory, and depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the symptoms of menopause?

A

The decreased estrogen levels that accompany menopause produce a variety of emotional and physical symptoms:

Hot flashes, fatigue, mood swings, nausea, vaginal dryness, and loss of bone mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Hormone Replacement Therapy?

A

HRT alters estrogen levels only or both estrogen and progesterone levels and is effective for eliminating hot flashes, mood swings, and vaginal dryness and reduces risk for bone loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

NMS is a rate, but potentially fatal side effect of the antipsychotic drugs. It involves a rapid onset of motor, mental and autonomic symptoms including muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness. To avoid a potentially fatal outcome, the drug must be stopped as soon as the symptoms of NMS develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three psychophysical laws?

A

Weber’s Law
Fechner’s Law
Steven’s Power Law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the importance of the psychophysical laws?

A

They attempt to predict the relationship between perception and sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Weber’s Law?

A

The just noticeable difference in stimulus intensity is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Fechner’s Law?

A

Physical stimulus changes are logarithmically related to their psychological sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Steven’s Power Law?

A

The magnitude of a sensation is equal to the physical magnitude of the stimulus producing the sensation raised to a certain power (exponent) which varies, depending on the specific sensation being measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of the spinal cord?

A

Carries information between the brain and the peripheral nervous system, coordinates activities of the left and right sides of the body, and controls simple reflexes that do not involve the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many segments does the spinal card have?

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many groups are the spinal cord segments divided into?

A

Five

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

From top to bottom, what are the groups of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Damage of what segment of the spinal cord results in quadriplegia?

A

Cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is quadriplegia?

A

Loss of sensory and voluntary motor functioning in the arms and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Damage and what level of the spinal cord cases paraplegia?

A

Thoracic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Loss of functioning in the legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When are traditional antipsychotics used?

A

For the management of schizophrenia and other psychoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When are traditional antipsychotics most effective?

A

When treating positive symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some examples of positive symptoms?

A

Delusions
Hallucinations
Agitation
Thought disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the side effects of traditional antipsychotics?

A

Anticholinergic
Extrapyramidal effects
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do traditional antipsychotics exert their beneficial effects?

A

Primarily by blocking dopamine receptors, and their effectiveness provides support for the dopamine hypothesis which attributes schizophrenia to overactivity at dopamine receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is brain lateralization?

A

Though the left and right hemispheres are both involved to some degree in most functions, they tend to specialize.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How was brain lateralization initially studied?

A

In split-brain patients, whose corpus callosums had been severed to control severe epilepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the left hemisphere dominate

A

Verbal activities (spontaneous speaking and writing, word recognition, memory for words and numbers); analytical, logical thought; and positive emotional states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the right hemisphere dominate?

A

Visual-spatial activities such as facial recognition, spatial interpretation and memory for shapes, and negative emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What four terms are used to describe the effects of psychoactive drugs?

A

Agonists
Inverse agonists
Partial agonists
Antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the effects of agonists?

A

Produce effects similar to those produced by a neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the effects of inverse agonists?

A

An effect opposite the effect produced by a neurotransmitter or agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the effects of partial agonists?

A

Produce effects that are similar to (but less than) the effects produced by a neurotransmitter or an agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the role of antagonists?

A

Antagonists produce no activity in the cell on their own but, instead, reduce or block the effects of a neurotransmitter or agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How many types of hypertension are there?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the two types of hypertension?

A

Primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is primary hypertension?

A

Occurs when there is no known physiological cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Occurs when elevated blood pressure is related to a known disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Primary hypertension accounts for what percentage of all cases?

A

85 to 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

If primary hypertension is left untreated, what can it lead to?

A

Cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Primary hypertension a major cause of what three issues?

A

Heart failure, kidney failure, and stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The prevalence of hypertension is related to what three factors?

A

Age, race, and gender
Older adults have higher rates than younger adults African-Americans have higher rates than whites Rates are generally higher for men; however, for older adults and African-Americans, rates are higher for women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is Methylphenidate?

A

A psychostimulant drug used to treat ADHD in children and adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are three types of methylphenidate?

A

Ritalin, Concerta, and Metadate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the common side effects of methylphenidate?

A

Decreased appetite, insomnia, dysphoria, and growth suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A specialized nerve cell involved in mental processes and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How are messages within a neuron transmitted?

A

Messages within a neuron are transmitted from a neuron’s dendrite to the end of its axon through an electrical process called conduction

With sufficient stimulation from other cells, a cell becomes depolarized, which triggers an action potential

49
Q

What does it mean for a cell to become depolarized?

A

The interior of the cell becomes less negative

50
Q

What is action potential?

A

An electrical pulse that travels quickly through the cell

51
Q

What is the all or none principle?

A

Predicts that an action potential will always be of the same magnitude regardless of the amount of stimulation received by a neuron as long as the minimal level of stimulation (the threshold) has been reached

52
Q

What is the reticular activating system?

A

A network of nerve fibers involved in wakefulness, arousal, and consciousness

53
Q

What does SSRIs stand for?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

54
Q

What are SSRIs (fluoxetine)?

A

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are antidepressant drugs that exert their effects by blocking the reuptake of serotonin at nerve synapses

55
Q

What are common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

Gastrointestinal disturbances, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, anxiety, headache, and anorexia

56
Q

How do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors compared to tricyclic antidepressants?

A

In comparison to tricyclic antidepressants, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are less cardio toxic, safer in overdose, and less likely to produce cognitive impairments

57
Q

What is one of the most widely prescribed antidepressants?

A

Fluoxetine (prozac)

58
Q

Why is fluoxetine (prozac) surrounded by controversy?

A

evidence linking it to an increased risk for suicide

59
Q

What is traumatic brain injury?

A

Traumatic brain injury refers to a closed or open head injury to the brain that is caused by an external force and involves temporary or permanent impairment and cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and/or physical functioning

60
Q

A closed head injury usually causes what?

A

An alteration or loss of consciousness followed by anterograde a retrograde amnesia

61
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Posttraumatic amnesia, and it’s duration is a good predictor of recovery
The inability to make new memories after a brain injury

62
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

The inability to recall memories prior to the brain injury
Affects recent memories more than remote memories and when long-term memories begin to return, the more remote memories return first

63
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Impaired production and/or comprehension of language

64
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Caused by damage to Broca’s area and involves difficulty producing written or spoken language with little or no comprehension issues; it often includes anomia and impaired repetition

65
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Caused by damage to Wernicke’s area and involves an inability to comprehend written or spoken language along with the production of rapid, seemingly effortless speech that is lacking in content; it may include anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition

66
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

Caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus and does not significantly affect comprehension but does result in anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition

67
Q

What is anomic aphasia (anomia)?

A

Anomic aphasia (anomia) is a type of aphasia characterized by problems recalling words or names

68
Q

What is the difference between Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and Conduction aphasia?

A

Broca’s involves little or no comprehension issue but includes anomia and impaired repetition
Wernicke’s involves an inability to comprehend written or spoken language and includes anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition
Conduction does not significantly affect comprehension but results in anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition

69
Q

What is paraphasia?

A

aphasia in which the patient uses wrong words or uses words or sounds in senseless combinations—called also paragrammatism

70
Q

What is a cerebrovascular accident?

A

Also referred to as cerebral stroke and refers to brain damage that occurs when a blood clot or other obstruction or hemorrhage disrupts the flow of blood to the brain

71
Q

What are common symptoms of a cerebrovascular accident?

A

Contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia involving the face, arm, and leg, and contralateral visual field loss

72
Q

What is contralateral hemiplegia?

A

Paralysis occurring on the side of the body opposite to the side of the brain in which the causal lesion occurs

73
Q

What is hemianesthesia

A

Loss of sensation of one side of the body

74
Q

What is contralateral visual field loss?

A

Loss of part of the visual field on the opposite side of the body to which the injury occurred

75
Q

What is the gate control theory of pain?

A

According to gate control theory, there are mechanisms in the spinal cord that mediate (block) the perception of pain

76
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

It contains the primary auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area

77
Q

What are some results of damage to the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory agnosia, cortical deafness, impairments in long-term memory, and Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia

78
Q

What are the areas of the brain involved in learning and memory?

A

Temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, Thalamus

79
Q

What is the relationship between the temporal lobes and memory?

A

The temporal lobes encode, store, and retrieve long-term declarative memories

80
Q

What is the relationship between the hippocampus and memory?

A

The hippocampus consolidates a long time declarative memories, transferring information from short-term to long-term memory

81
Q

What is the relationship between the amygdala and memory?

A

The amygdala plays a key role in fear conditioning, learning about rewards and punishments, and adding emotional significance to memories

82
Q

What is the relationship between the prefrontal cortex and memory?

A

The prefrontal cortex is associated with short-term memory, episodic memory, and prospective memory

83
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated. The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

84
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

A form of memory that involves remembering to perform a plan action or intention at the appropriate time

85
Q

What is the relationship between the Thalamus and memory?

A

The thalamus is involved in processing information and transferring it to the neocortex

86
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

A progressive disease of the nervous system that involves a degeneration of the myelin that surrounds nerve fibers in the central nervous system

87
Q

What are common initial symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

A

Optic neuritis, motor impairments, sensory abnormalities, and fatigue

88
Q

What are additional symptoms of multiple sclerosis that arise as the disease progresses?

A

Tremors, speech problems, mood symptoms, and cognitive impairment

89
Q

What is papez’s circuit?

A

It was proposed as a brain mechanism (circuit) that mediates the experience and expression of emotion.

90
Q

What are the parts of papez’s circuit?

A

Hippocampus
Mammillary bodies
Anterior nuclei of the thalamus
Cingulated gyrus

91
Q

What are the types of seizures?

A

Generalized seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, absence seizures, and partial seizures

92
Q

What are generalized (tonic – clonic and absence) seizures

A

Bilaterally symmetrical without a focal onset

93
Q

What are tonic – clonic (grand mal) seizures

A

Include a tonic stage wherein the muscles contract and the body stiffens; a chronic stage with rhythmic shaking of the limbs, and post seizure depression or confusion with amnesia for the ictal event

94
Q

What are at absence seizures?

A

Brief attacks involving a loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms

95
Q

What are partial seizures?

A

Begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body, at least initially but can spread into generalized seizures

96
Q

What are atypical antipsychotics (clozapine)?

A

Clozapine and other atypical (newer) antipsychotic drugs affect receptors for several neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate

97
Q

When are atypical antipsychotic drugs effective?

A

For both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

98
Q

What is one difference between atypical antipsychotics and traditional antipsychotics

A

Atypical antipsychotics are less likely to produce Tardive dyskinesia. However, they can produce agranulocytosis and other blood dyscrasias as well as neuroleptic malignant syndrome

99
Q

What contralateral representation?

A

For most sensory and motor functions, the cortex exhibit contralateral representation, which means that the left hemisphere controls the functions of the right side of the body and vice versa

100
Q

What researcher is associated with general adaptation syndrome?

A

Selye

101
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome?

A

According to Selye, the human response to stress is mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions (e.g., cortisol) and involved three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. The model predicts prolonged stress can result in illness or death

102
Q

Which neural mechanisms are believed to mediate long-term memory

A

Long term potentiation and protein/RNA synthesis

103
Q

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A

Physiological process involving the modification of nerve synapses, especially at Glutamate receptors in the hippocampus

104
Q

What happens if you inhibit the synthesis of protein or RNA at the time of learning?

A

It prevents the formation of long-term memories

105
Q

What is naltrexone (ReVia, Vivitrol)?

A

An opioid antagonist that blocks the craving for and reinforcing effects of alcohol and is used to treat alcohol abuse and dependence

106
Q

What are the side effects of naltrexone?

A

Abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, nervousness, headache, and joint and muscle pain

107
Q

What is important to know about the parietal lobe?

A

It contains the somatosensory cortex. depending on its location, damage to the parietal lobe can cause apraxia, anosognosia, or Gerstmann’s syndrome

108
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex?

A

An area of the brain that processes input from the various systems in the body that are sensitive to touch. As a whole, it is an extremely refined and highly sensitive system, allowing people to detect and interpret a wide variety of sensations.

People often think of touch as a single sense, but in fact, several different sensory experiences are involved, including specific sensitivity to pain and temperature, and the proprioception system, which monitors the body place in space.

109
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

We’re first two sex-related differences in physical appearance; and the research has confirmed that the human brain is sexually dimorphic

110
Q

Studies using structural brain imaging technique have found sex-related differences in the size of what regions of the brain?

A

The corpus callosum, hippocampus, and SCN

111
Q

What is the suprachiamatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

A small group of brain cells located in the hypothalamus that controls the circadian cycles and influences many physiological and behavioral rhythms occurring over a 24 hour period, including the sleep/wake cycle

112
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning

113
Q

It is anosognosia?

A

Inability to recognize one’s own neurological symptoms or other disorder

114
Q

What is Gerstmann’s and syndrome?

A

Involves a combination of finger agnosia, right – left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia

115
Q

What is finger agnosia

A

Primary elective disability for recognizing, naming, selecting, differentiating and indicating the individual fingers of either hand, the patient’s own as well as those other persons

116
Q

What is agraphia?

A

An acquired neurological disorder causing a loss in the ability to communicate through writing, either due to some form of motor dysfunction or an inability to spell (when writing)

117
Q

What is acalculia?

A

Inability or loss of the ability to perform arithmetic operations

118
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

It is the relay station for all of the senses except olfaction and is also involved in language and memory

119
Q

The thalamus is the relay station for all of the senses except which one?

A

Olafaction

Psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions