Physiological Psychology Flashcards
Chapters 4 - 6
1
Q
Negative Poles
A
Creates electrons
(higher charge)
2
Q
Positive Poles
A
Where electrons flow
(lower charge)
3
Q
Diffusion
A
Ion movement from higher to lower concentration randomly
4
Q
Concentration Gradient
A
The high concentration of ions in one area that leads to diffusion
5
Q
Voltage Gradient
A
Charge difference in flow of connected areas
(Opposites attract, similars repel)
6
Q
Resting Potential
A
(about -70mV) charge during no stimulation
7
Q
Ions in Greater Concentration (Inside)
A
Potassium & Large Proteins
8
Q
Ions in Greater Concentration (Outside)
A
Sodium & Chloride
9
Q
Hyperpolarization
A
More (-) electrical charge
10
Q
Depolarization
A
More (+) electrical charge
11
Q
Action Potential
A
Large, quick change in polarity of an axon
12
Q
Threshold Potential
A
Voltage that triggers an action potential
13
Q
Voltage-Sensitive Ions Channels
A
Gated protein channels that open / close with specific membrane voltage
(Na+ is more sensitive)
14
Q
Absolute Refractory Period
A
(Short Duration) keeps action potentials clearly separated
15
Q
Relative Refractory Period
A
Produces another action potential.
Must have a stronger electrical current.
16
Q
Nerve Impulse
A
Like a lightning strike. Sudden discharge of electricity
(All-or-None Law)
17
Q
Saltatory Conduction
A
Action potential travels down the axon by jumping between the Nodes of Ranvier
18
Q
Myelin Sheath
A
Insulating layer around nerves
19
Q
Nodes of Ranvier
A
Stepping stones for electrical signals to quickly travel along myelinated axons
20
Q
ESPS
A
(Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials)
Boosts neuron firing
21
Q
IPSP
A
(Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials)
Acts as brakes.
Maintains balance in neural communication
22
Q
Temporal Summation
A
Ex) Single neuron firing rapidly, building up its effect over time
23
Q
Spatial Summation
A
Several neurons working together to influence a single postsynaptic neuron
24
Q
Otto Loewi’s Research
A
(Neurotransmission)
Chemicals play a role in nerve impulse transmission
25
Neurotransmission
Chemicals that cause an inhibitory & excitatory effect
Messenger that transmits signals between neurons
26
Electrical Synapse v. Chemical Synapse
Electrical: fast
Chemical: more flexible
27
Neurotransmission
(Synthesize & Store)
Created in the cell body, then, packed into vesicles in the axon terminal
28
Neurotransmission
(Release)
An influx of calcium triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles
29
Neurotransmission
(Receptor-Site Activation)
Neurotransmitters move across the synapse & bind to receptors = excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic neuron
30
Neurotransmission
(Deactivation)
Diffusion: spreads out & disappears
Degradation: Breaks down
Reuptake: recycled back into neuron
Astrocyte Uptake: nearby astrocyte absorbs it to release them later
31
Excitatory Synapse
Facilitates Firing
32
Inhibitory Synapse
Regulates / prevents excessive neural activity
33
Identify Neurotransmitters
1. Synthesize in neuron
2. Active = produced / released due to specific targets
3. #2 response obtained when chemical is experimentally placed on target
4. Must have mechanism to remove chemical post-work
34
4 Classes of Neurotransmitters
(Small-Molecule)
Communication at chemical synapses
35
4 Classes of Neurotransmitters
(Peptide)
- Regulate neural activity
- Influence various tissues
(gut, muscles, heart)
36
4 Classes of Neurotransmitters
(Lipid)
Aids communication between nerve cells (neurons) and their target cells
37
4 Classes of Neurotransmitters
(Gaseous)
Depict the delicate balance between the good & bad effects in our bodies
38
Ionotropic Receptors
Rapid signal transmission in the nervous system
39
Metabotropic
Initiates a series of metabolic steps to modulate cell activity.
40
Metabotropic (G-Protein)
Intermediaries,
Transmitting signals from metabotropic receptors to the cell’s interior.
41
Metabotropic (Second Messenger)
Intermediaries,
Enhancing and propagating signals within cells
42
Activating System in ANS
(Sympathetic)
Rouses the body for action
(Fight-or-Flight)
43
Activating System in ANS
(Parasympathetic)
Calms the body for rest
(Rest-and-Digest)
44
Activating System in CNS
(Cholinergic)
Where: Midbrain Nuclei
Behavior: Memory, Learning, Sleep/Wake, Attention
Disorder: Alzheimer's Disease (low)
45
Activating System in CNS
(Dopaminergic - Nigrostriatal)
Where: Substantia Nigra
Behavior: Normal Motor Functions & Movements
Disorder: Parkinson's (low), Tourette's (high), OCD
46
Activating System in CNS
(Dopaminergic - Mesolimbic)
Where: Ventral Tegmentum
Behavior: Reward/Pleasure, Attention
Disorder: Schizophrenia (high), Addiction
47
Activating System in CNS
(Noradrenergic)
Where: Locus Coeruleus
Behavior: Emotional Tone, Learning
Disorder: Depression (low), Mania (high), ADHD
48
Activating System in CNS
(Serotonergic)
Where: Raphe Nuclei
Behavior: Emotional Tone, Learning, Wakeful State
Disorder: Depression (low), Sleep Apnea, SIDS
49
Habituation
Decreasing response to a stimulus.
50
Sensitization
Increasing response to a stimulus.
51
Psychopharmacology
study the effects drugs have on a human
52
Psychoactive Drugs
alters mood, thought, behavior that manage neuropsychological illness.
53
Drug Administration
(Intracerebroventricular Injection)
allows drugs to reach the CSF by bypassing the blood-brain barrier.
Deliver medications directly to the CNS
54
Drug Administration
(Intramuscular Injection)
Allows the bloodstream to rapidly absorb the medication.
55
Drug Administration
(Intravenous Injection)
Allows them to enter the bloodstream rapidly.
56
Drug Administration
(Oral)
Most common routes of drug administration, and it is convenient for many as it does not require special equipment.
57
Drug Administration
(Inhalation)
Allows relatively small doses of drugs to be delivered to produce high concentrations in the airway but minimizes absorption into the systemic circulation.
58
Drug Administration
(Transdermal)
They continuously deliver medication through the skin into the bloodstream.
Controlled, steady doses of medication are released over hours or days.
59
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Maintains brain health by regulating the transfer of substances between the bloodstream and the CNS
60
Barrier-Free Sites
Specialized brain regions with more permeable capillaries. They play roles in sensory and secretory functions.
61
What Can Pass the BBB?
Small, uncharged molecules (fat-soluble)
Ex: Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
62
What Can't Pass the BBB?
Larger, charged molecules (water-soluble) Ex: Glucose, Amino Acids, Fats
63
Drug Elimination
(Catabolized)
Broken down in kidneys, liver & intestines
64
Drug Elimination
(Excretion)
via.... urine, feces, sweat, milk, exhalation
65
Agonist
Substance that enhances the function of a synapse
66
Antagonist
Substance that blocks / decreases the function of a synapse
67
Metabolic Tolerance
increase of enzymes in liver, blood, brain that breaks down substances
68
Cellular Tolerance
Activities of brain cells adjust to minimalize effects of the substance
69
Learned Tolerance
Learn to cope with being intoxicated
"Functional Alcoholic"
70
Sensitization
Occasional drug may have an increased responsiveness to successive equal doses.
Likely to develop from continual use.
71
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs
1. Antianxiety & Sedative
2. Antipsychotic
3. Antidepressants & Mood Stabilizers
4. Opioid
5. Psychotropics
72
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antianxiety & Sedative
(Barbiturates)
- Used for anxiety, insomnia, and seizures
- Rarely prescribed due to safety concerns and addiction risks
- Enhance the action of the neurotransmitter GABA as central nervous system depressants
73
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antianxiety & Sedative
(Benzodiazepines)
- Work in the central nervous system
- Enhance the action of GABA-A receptors, calming nerves
- Treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures, muscle relaxation, and inducing relaxation before surgery
- Safe for short-time use
74
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antianxiety & Sedative
(GABA-a Receptors)
- Managing depressive disorders
- Both drugs enhancing and inhibiting GABA-A receptor activity could have antidepressant effects
75
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antipsychotic
(Dopamine Hypothesis)
Proposes that schizophrenia symptoms are due to excess activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine
76
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antidepressants & Mood Stabilizers
(SSRI)
- Most commonly prescribed antidepressants
- They can ease symptoms of moderate to severe depression by increasing serotonin levels in the brain, which improves communication between neurons
77
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antidepressants & Mood Stabilizers
(Tricyclic)
- Affecting neurotransmitters in the brain, such as norepinephrine and serotonin
- Used for depression and other conditions
78
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antidepressants & Mood Stabilizers
(MAO Inhibitors)
- Inhibits the enzyme MAO (breaks down neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine)
- Increases the availability of these neurotransmitters, leading to improved mood and reduced symptoms of depression
79
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Opioid
(Opioid)
- Effects on pain relief, mood, and addiction
- Interact with opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord
80
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Opioid
(Morphine)
- opioid analgesic that binds to mu-opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord
81
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Opioid
(Heroine)
- Mainly used as a recreational drug due to its euphoric effects
-
82
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Psychotropics
(Behavioral - Amphetamine)
- CNS stimulant
- Treatment of conditions such as ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity
83
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Psychotropics
(Behavioral - Cocaine)
- CNS stimulant formed in the coca plant
- Euphoria & increased alertness
84
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Psychotropics
(Psychedellic & Hallucinogenic)
- alter sensory perceptions, thought processes, and energy levels. They come in various forms.
85
5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Psychotropics
(General Stimulants)
- Affects mood & causes an general increase in the metabolic activity of cells
(Caffeine)
86
Disinhibition Theory
Inhibition/suppression of socially learned behaviors/self-control mechanisms.
Involves a lack of restraint/disregard for social norms, resulting in impulsive, unrestrained, or even aggressive actions.
87
Alcohol Myopia
