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Physiological Psychology Flashcards

Chapters 4 - 6

1
Q

Negative Poles

A

Creates electrons
(higher charge)

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2
Q

Positive Poles

A

Where electrons flow
(lower charge)

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3
Q

Diffusion

A

Ion movement from higher to lower concentration randomly

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4
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

The high concentration of ions in one area that leads to diffusion

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5
Q

Voltage Gradient

A

Charge difference in flow of connected areas
(Opposites attract, similars repel)

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6
Q

Resting Potential

A

(about -70mV) charge during no stimulation

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7
Q

Ions in Greater Concentration (Inside)

A

Potassium & Large Proteins

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8
Q

Ions in Greater Concentration (Outside)

A

Sodium & Chloride

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9
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

More (-) electrical charge

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10
Q

Depolarization

A

More (+) electrical charge

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11
Q

Action Potential

A

Large, quick change in polarity of an axon

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12
Q

Threshold Potential

A

Voltage that triggers an action potential

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13
Q

Voltage-Sensitive Ions Channels

A

Gated protein channels that open / close with specific membrane voltage
(Na+ is more sensitive)

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14
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

(Short Duration) keeps action potentials clearly separated

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15
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

Produces another action potential.
Must have a stronger electrical current.

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16
Q

Nerve Impulse

A

Like a lightning strike. Sudden discharge of electricity
(All-or-None Law)

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17
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Action potential travels down the axon by jumping between the Nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulating layer around nerves

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19
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Stepping stones for electrical signals to quickly travel along myelinated axons

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20
Q

ESPS

A

(Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials)
Boosts neuron firing

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21
Q

IPSP

A

(Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials)
Acts as brakes.
Maintains balance in neural communication

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22
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Ex) Single neuron firing rapidly, building up its effect over time

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23
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Several neurons working together to influence a single postsynaptic neuron

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24
Q

Otto Loewi’s Research

A

(Neurotransmission)
Chemicals play a role in nerve impulse transmission

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25
Q

Neurotransmission

A

Chemicals that cause an inhibitory & excitatory effect
Messenger that transmits signals between neurons

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26
Q

Electrical Synapse v. Chemical Synapse

A

Electrical: fast
Chemical: more flexible

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27
Q

Neurotransmission
(Synthesize & Store)

A

Created in the cell body, then, packed into vesicles in the axon terminal

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28
Q

Neurotransmission
(Release)

A

An influx of calcium triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles

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29
Q

Neurotransmission
(Receptor-Site Activation)

A

Neurotransmitters move across the synapse & bind to receptors = excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic neuron

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30
Q

Neurotransmission
(Deactivation)

A

Diffusion: spreads out & disappears
Degradation: Breaks down
Reuptake: recycled back into neuron
Astrocyte Uptake: nearby astrocyte absorbs it to release them later

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31
Q

Excitatory Synapse

A

Facilitates Firing

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32
Q

Inhibitory Synapse

A

Regulates / prevents excessive neural activity

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33
Q

Identify Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Synthesize in neuron
  2. Active = produced / released due to specific targets
  3. # 2 response obtained when chemical is experimentally placed on target
  4. Must have mechanism to remove chemical post-work
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34
Q

4 Classes of Neurotransmitters
(Small-Molecule)

A

Communication at chemical synapses

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35
Q

4 Classes of Neurotransmitters
(Peptide)

A
  • Regulate neural activity
  • Influence various tissues
    (gut, muscles, heart)
36
Q

4 Classes of Neurotransmitters
(Lipid)

A

Aids communication between nerve cells (neurons) and their target cells

37
Q

4 Classes of Neurotransmitters
(Gaseous)

A

Depict the delicate balance between the good & bad effects in our bodies

38
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

Rapid signal transmission in the nervous system

39
Q

Metabotropic

A

Initiates a series of metabolic steps to modulate cell activity.

40
Q

Metabotropic (G-Protein)

A

Intermediaries,
Transmitting signals from metabotropic receptors to the cell’s interior.

41
Q

Metabotropic (Second Messenger)

A

Intermediaries,
Enhancing and propagating signals within cells

42
Q

Activating System in ANS
(Sympathetic)

A

Rouses the body for action
(Fight-or-Flight)

43
Q

Activating System in ANS
(Parasympathetic)

A

Calms the body for rest
(Rest-and-Digest)

44
Q

Activating System in CNS
(Cholinergic)

A

Where: Midbrain Nuclei
Behavior: Memory, Learning, Sleep/Wake, Attention
Disorder: Alzheimer’s Disease (low)

45
Q

Activating System in CNS
(Dopaminergic - Nigrostriatal)

A

Where: Substantia Nigra
Behavior: Normal Motor Functions & Movements
Disorder: Parkinson’s (low), Tourette’s (high), OCD

46
Q

Activating System in CNS
(Dopaminergic - Mesolimbic)

A

Where: Ventral Tegmentum
Behavior: Reward/Pleasure, Attention
Disorder: Schizophrenia (high), Addiction

47
Q

Activating System in CNS
(Noradrenergic)

A

Where: Locus Coeruleus
Behavior: Emotional Tone, Learning
Disorder: Depression (low), Mania (high), ADHD

48
Q

Activating System in CNS
(Serotonergic)

A

Where: Raphe Nuclei
Behavior: Emotional Tone, Learning, Wakeful State
Disorder: Depression (low), Sleep Apnea, SIDS

49
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing response to a stimulus.

50
Q

Sensitization

A

Increasing response to a stimulus.

51
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

study the effects drugs have on a human

52
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

alters mood, thought, behavior that manage neuropsychological illness.

53
Q

Drug Administration
(Intracerebroventricular Injection)

A

allows drugs to reach the CSF by bypassing the blood-brain barrier.
Deliver medications directly to the CNS

54
Q

Drug Administration
(Intramuscular Injection)

A

Allows the bloodstream to rapidly absorb the medication.

55
Q

Drug Administration
(Intravenous Injection)

A

Allows them to enter the bloodstream rapidly.

56
Q

Drug Administration
(Oral)

A

Most common routes of drug administration, and it is convenient for many as it does not require special equipment.

57
Q

Drug Administration
(Inhalation)

A

Allows relatively small doses of drugs to be delivered to produce high concentrations in the airway but minimizes absorption into the systemic circulation.

58
Q

Drug Administration
(Transdermal)

A

They continuously deliver medication through the skin into the bloodstream.
Controlled, steady doses of medication are released over hours or days.

59
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Maintains brain health by regulating the transfer of substances between the bloodstream and the CNS

60
Q

Barrier-Free Sites

A

Specialized brain regions with more permeable capillaries. They play roles in sensory and secretory functions.

61
Q

What Can Pass the BBB?

A

Small, uncharged molecules (fat-soluble)
Ex: Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide

62
Q

What Can’t Pass the BBB?

A

Larger, charged molecules (water-soluble) Ex: Glucose, Amino Acids, Fats

63
Q

Drug Elimination
(Catabolized)

A

Broken down in kidneys, liver & intestines

64
Q

Drug Elimination
(Excretion)

A

via…. urine, feces, sweat, milk, exhalation

65
Q

Agonist

A

Substance that enhances the function of a synapse

66
Q

Antagonist

A

Substance that blocks / decreases the function of a synapse

67
Q

Metabolic Tolerance

A

increase of enzymes in liver, blood, brain that breaks down substances

68
Q

Cellular Tolerance

A

Activities of brain cells adjust to minimalize effects of the substance

69
Q

Learned Tolerance

A

Learn to cope with being intoxicated
“Functional Alcoholic”

70
Q

Sensitization

A

Occasional drug may have an increased responsiveness to successive equal doses.
Likely to develop from continual use.

71
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs

A
  1. Antianxiety & Sedative
  2. Antipsychotic
  3. Antidepressants & Mood Stabilizers
  4. Opioid
  5. Psychotropics
72
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antianxiety & Sedative
(Barbiturates)

A
  • Used for anxiety, insomnia, and seizures
  • Rarely prescribed due to safety concerns and addiction risks
  • Enhance the action of the neurotransmitter GABA as central nervous system depressants
73
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antianxiety & Sedative
(Benzodiazepines)

A
  • Work in the central nervous system
  • Enhance the action of GABA-A receptors, calming nerves
  • Treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures, muscle relaxation, and inducing relaxation before surgery
  • Safe for short-time use
74
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antianxiety & Sedative
(GABA-a Receptors)

A
  • Managing depressive disorders
  • Both drugs enhancing and inhibiting GABA-A receptor activity could have antidepressant effects
75
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antipsychotic
(Dopamine Hypothesis)

A

Proposes that schizophrenia symptoms are due to excess activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine

76
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antidepressants & Mood Stabilizers
(SSRI)

A
  • Most commonly prescribed antidepressants
  • They can ease symptoms of moderate to severe depression by increasing serotonin levels in the brain, which improves communication between neurons
77
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antidepressants & Mood Stabilizers
(Tricyclic)

A
  • Affecting neurotransmitters in the brain, such as norepinephrine and serotonin
  • Used for depression and other conditions
78
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Antidepressants & Mood Stabilizers
(MAO Inhibitors)

A
  • Inhibits the enzyme MAO (breaks down neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine)
  • Increases the availability of these neurotransmitters, leading to improved mood and reduced symptoms of depression
79
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Opioid
(Opioid)

A
  • Effects on pain relief, mood, and addiction
  • Interact with opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord
80
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Opioid
(Morphine)

A
  • opioid analgesic that binds to mu-opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord
81
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Opioid
(Heroine)

A
  • ## Mainly used as a recreational drug due to its euphoric effects
82
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Psychotropics
(Behavioral - Amphetamine)

A
  • CNS stimulant
  • Treatment of conditions such as ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity
83
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Psychotropics
(Behavioral - Cocaine)

A
  • CNS stimulant formed in the coca plant
  • Euphoria & increased alertness
84
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Psychotropics
(Psychedellic & Hallucinogenic)

A
  • alter sensory perceptions, thought processes, and energy levels. They come in various forms.
85
Q

5 Classes of Psychoactive Drugs - Psychotropics
(General Stimulants)

A
  • Affects mood & causes an general increase in the metabolic activity of cells
    (Caffeine)
86
Q

Disinhibition Theory

A

Inhibition/suppression of socially learned behaviors/self-control mechanisms.
Involves a lack of restraint/disregard for social norms, resulting in impulsive, unrestrained, or even aggressive actions.

87
Q

Alcohol Myopia

Physiological Psychology (2 decks)

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