Physiological changes in pregnancy Flashcards
What is the % increase in energy requirement of pregnant women?
14%
What is the % increase in metabolic rate in pregnancy
20%
How much fat is stored by 30 weeks?
4kg
How does carbohydrate metabolism change from early pregnancy to late pregnancy?
early = insulin sensitivity - this increases glycogenolysis, fat storage and intracellular amino-acid uptake
late = insulin resistant, which can increase plasma glucose and plasma lipids (used as alternative fuel source)
How does protein metabolism change with pregnancy?
positive nitrogen balance
increase diet intake 20%
500g retained by the end of preg.
What are the extra requirements for the following in pregnancy:
protein
calories
calcium
iron
folic acid
ascorbic acid
PER DAY
protein +30g
calories +300kcal
calcium -none-
Iron +9mg
Folic acid +200 micrograms
Ascorbic acid + 10mg
What are the anatomical changes to the uterus with pregnany?
expansion -measured by fundal height
hypertrophy of uterine ligaments
dextrorotaion
lower uterine segment - increases from 4th month –> 10cm by full term
aorto-caval compression
How does the pelvis anatomy change with pregnancy?
relaxed pelvic joints and ligament
increased mobility
increased capacity
How does the cervix anatomy change with pregnancy?
Oedema, congestion
Softer
operculum (mucus plug) - closes cervical opening (prevent ascending infection)
How does the vulvas and vaginal anatomy change with pregnancy?
increased varicosities and vascularities
How does the breast anatomy change with pregnancy?
increase size + vascularity
increase nipple pigmentation
second areola forms
montgomery tubercules
colostrum from month #3
