Physiological and Cognitive Flashcards
describe applying operant conditioning in education
teaching machines (Skinner) and computer-assisted instruction using immediate feedback and self-paced learning
define token economies
desired behavior reinforced with tokens, exchangeable for rewards
define SIBIS
self injurious behavior inhibiting system
*aversive shock therapy, they get shocked when they engage in a behavior, if they do not stop, the shock will increase
define latent learning
*cognition in OC
*learning that occurs at Time A, but is not demonstrated until Time B
*you can learn w/o explicit consequence
what role does the reinforcer play in learning? (latent learning)
motivates you to show what you’ve learned
describe extrinsic motivators. provide an example
*better with short term goals
ex: getting paid to quit smoking v. not
paid: quick to quit, but don’t last, eventually regress
describe intrinsic motivators. provide an example
*better with long-term behavioral changes
ex: getting paid to quit smoking v. not
non-paid: longer to quit, but less likely to regress
define over-justification
effect of reinforcing behavior one already likes to do
ex: dating someone because you like them. then that person gives you extrinsic benefits. now you’re dating them because of the things they give you
define instinctive drift
*physiological constraints
a conditioned operant response ‘drifts back’ toward instinctive drift
ex: blowing puff into eye, will instinctually blink
describe the reward pathway
*the way we learn through reinforcement
*people continue to do behaviors that punishing because of the effect
describe the role of dopamine in the reward pathway
*dopamine tells the brain when a reward is salient, better than expected, and to pay attention to the reward b/c might be better for survival
*less dopamine is released when a reward is less than expected
*more about drug wanting, than liking
describe the effect of drugs on the reward pathway
*drugs fuel the brain and become viewed as necessary for survival
ex: 1 hit of crystal meth = 1250 orgasms = 2500 cheeseburgers
*is why drug addicts be like consequences be damned
describe the stimulus based theory
there is some quality that this stimulus that is in and of itself reinforcing (look, taste, etc.)
- innately reinforcing
describe the response based theory
something that allows an organism to engage in a behavior over and over again
ex: the repetitive motion of eating carrots and dip
True or False: Stimulus and Response based theory are at work separately, never together
False. both probably at work
describe Hull’s Drive Reduction Hypothesis
organisms have innate drives to obtain primary reinforcers and that learning is driven by the biological need to reduce those drives
*organism will engage in behavior to satisfy drive
*organism will stop engaging in behavior once drive is satisfied
True or False: if you’re in balance (homeostasis), not motivated to do anything like any behavior
False. Know this by being alive
describe the problems with Hull’s theory
- primary reinforcers are not always reinforcing. if you’re thirsty, once you finish drinking, more water is not reinforcing
- not all reinforcers reduce drives. (ex. secondary reinforcers)
are all stimuli that reduce drives reinforcing? (problems with Hull)
technically yes. If you’re given a choice between this or that, you’ll choose the one you prefer (ex. you’re hungry, but given food that you hate, still won’t eat it unless absolutely have to
what are the 3 experiments that disprove Hull’s theory?
- rats drink milk (learned fastest): get to engage in the behavior of drinking and the innate benefits of consuming milk
- milk tube (faster): didn’t get to engage in the behavior of actually drinking
- drink water (slowest): milk has flavor & calories. water doesn’t. stimulus based, preference for milk.
describe the optimal arousal theory
*humans want optimal arousal level, that’s what’s reinforcing
*stimulus that brings person to optimal level of arousal is reinforcing
what level of arousal would you want someone to be in for a complex activity?
low level of arousal, high performance level
*be calm, surgeon
what level of arousal would you want someone to be in for an easy activity?
high level of arousal, high performance level
define the Premack principle
the theory that the opportunity to perform a highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior.
