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Physiological Flashcards

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0
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Sensory and Motor Neurons distributed throughout skin and muscles
sensory neurons transmit info through AFFERENT fibers (ascend to brain)
Motor impulses travel along efferent fibers (exit brain to muscles)

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1
Q

Describe the human nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (Brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (somatic and automatic nervous systems)

Auromatic nervous system (Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems)

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2
Q

Autonomic (automatic) Nervous System

A

Walter Cannon= Pioneer
regulates heart beat, body temperature, respiration, digestion & glandular sectretions= manages involuntary muscles

parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Conserve energy

resting and digesting

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

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5
Q

Human brain (3 parts)

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

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6
Q

Hindbrain

A

Located where the brain meets the spinal cord

Function- balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal (sleeping and waking)

Vital functioning necessary for survival

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7
Q

Midbrain

A

Located just above the hindbrain

Messages sensorimotor reflexes that also promote survival (receives sensory and motor info

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8
Q

Forebrain

A

Located above the midbrain
Manages complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
Also emotion and memory

*had the greatest influence on human behavior

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9
Q

Hindbrain

Medulla oblongata

A

Lower brain structure
Responsible for regulating vital functions

Ex) breathing, heart beat, blood pressure

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10
Q

Hindbrain

Pons

A

Located above medulla oblongata

Contains sensory and motor tracts between the cortex and medulla

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11
Q

Hindbrain

Cerebellum

A

Mushrooms out of pons
Helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements

**damage causes clumsiness, slurred speech, loss of balance

(Cerebellum is impaired by alcohol)

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12
Q

Hindbrain

Reticular Formation

A

Composed of intricate network of nerve fibers

Regulates arousal, alertness (sleeping/ waking), and attention

Anesthetics depress activity of this area

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13
Q

Midbrain

Involuntary reflex responses

A

Triggered by visual or auditory stimuli

Contains several prominent nuclei

  • superior (seeing) colliculus- received visual sensory
  • inferior (I hear) colliculus- receives auditory sensory (reflexive reactions to sudden noises)
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14
Q

Forebrain- divided into two hemispheres

Thalamus

A

Important relay station for incoming sensory info (all senses except for smell)

Thalamus sorts them and transmits them to appropriate cerebral cortex areas

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15
Q

Forebrain

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic function- Walter Cannon

Key player in emotional experience
(Increased arousal, aggressive, and sexual behaviors)

Also controls some endocrine functions and autonomic nervous system

Divided into lateral hypothalamus and anterior hypothalamus

Receptors regulate metabolism, temperature, and water balance

When any of the functions are out of balance, the hypothalamus detects the problem and signals the body to correct it- drive behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex)

*osmoregulation ( the maintenance of water balance) is preformed by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

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16
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH) Lack of Hunger

A

Hunger center has special receptors thought to detect when your body needs food or fluids

ApHaGia (HunGry) when LH is destroyed one will starve themselves if not forced to eat

Also plays role in rage and fighting behaviors

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17
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) Very Hungry

A

Satiety center

Tells you when you’ve had enough to eat

hYperpHaGia (You’re too HunGry) Brain lesions in this area lead to obesity

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18
Q

Hypothalamus and cortex

A

Hypothalamus manages fight or flight associated with sympathetic nervous system

When cortex was removed in cat= no rage and no flight or fight instinct, lacked ability to organize emotional responses

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19
Q

Anterior hypothalamus (Asexual)

A

Electrical stimulation causes increase in aggressive sexual behavior (will jump anything)

Damage to this area means permanent inhibition (asexual)

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20
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Main goal is to conserve energy

Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter

Decelerates heart beat and increases digestion

Resting and sleeping states decrease heart beat and respiration

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21
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Activated in stressful situations= fight or flight
Increase heart rate, blood sugar, and respiration
Decrease digestive process, pupils in eyes dialate
Adrenaline is neurotransmitter and increase in energy is from adrenaline

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22
Q

Forebrain

Cerebral cortex

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A

Complex perceptual cognitive and behavioral processes

23
Q

Forebrain

Can Bass Love Train Hunger

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A 
Cerebral Cortex-complex cognition 
Basal Ganglia- move to the bass
Limbic System- emotion and memory (love)
Thalamus- sensory relay
Hypothalamus- hunger, thirst, emotion
24
Midbrain
Inferior and superior colliculi
25
Hindbrain
Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Reticular formation
26
Left cerebral hemisphere
``` Frontal lobe (executive function) Temporal lobe (hearing) Parietal lobe (touch, temperature, pain) Occipital lobe (vision) ``` Primary motor cortex Primary sensorimotor cortex
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Parietal lobe
Somatosensory cortex (projection area) destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain So related to motor cortex that the two are sometimes referred to as the sensorimotor cortex Central region deals with spatial processing and manipulation
28
Cerebral cortex
Neocortex= new bark (most recent area to evolve) Has many bumps and folds called convolutions High in cell mass ``` 2 halves (cerebral hemispheres) 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) ```
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Frontal lobe
1. Prefrontal lobe- supervises and directs the operations of other brain regions, supervises perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long term planning Governs many cognitive and behavioral processes Ex) reminds you that you have something you need to remember Association area- combines input from diverse regions (large in humans not in animals) Motor cortex= projection area -> sends out motor commands to muscles (visual receives input from retina) Damage means increase impulsivity decreased control and depressed (may be apathetic or make vulgar remarks) Used to do prefrontal lobotomies for schizophrenia
30
Basal ganglia Parkinson's Disease and maybe schizophrenia
Coordinates muscle movement as it receives info from cortex to brain and spinal cord via the Extrapyramidal Motor System Gathers info about body position and carries it to the brain and spinal cord Helps to make our movements smooth and our body posture steady
31
Ventricles
Fluid filled cavities in the middle of the brain that link up with spinal canal Filled with cerebrospinal fluid Large ventricles linked with schizophrenic symptoms (withdrawal, flat affect, catatonic states)
32
Amygdala
Defense and aggressiveness Research with lesions: Damage= aggression and fear reduced Lesions= docility and hypersexuality Klüver- Bucy Syndrome (when it is removed)
33
Hippocampus Brenda Milner
Vital with learning and memory Patient HM had amygdala and hippocampus removed and had a drastic, irreversible loss of memory for anything new
34
Amnesia
Anterograde amnesia- new memories Retrograde- loss of prior events
35
Limbic System
Interconnected group of structures looping around center of brain- associated with emotion and memory * septum, amygdala, hippocampus (Also portions of the cortex and hypothalamus) 2nd major part of brain to evolve Lies in oldest part of vertebra hemisphere
36
Septum (septal area)
*a primary pleasure center Mild stimulation of this area = intensely pleasurable and sexually arousing *** James Olds and Peter Milner Rats preferred it to eating Septum also inhibits aggression Damage/ lesions= sham rage
37
Nerve Cells
1) sensory neurons (afferent neurons) Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain 2) motor neurons (efferent neurons) Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles 3) interneurons Most numerous, linked to reflexes and found between other neurons (located predominantly in brain and spinal cord) Reflexive behavior (interneurons) controlled by neural circuits called reflex arcs- control behaviors crucial to survival
38
Corpus Callosum | Studied by Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
Connecting left and right hemispheres (large collection of fibers) Patients who's corpus Callosum was severed in an effort to limit seizures CC allows a sharing of info between the two hemispheres in a coordinated way
39
Movement in a Cell
Dendrites receive incoming information from other neurons via postsynaptic receptors Terminal buttons contain neurotransmitters that "fire" and release All information must make it across synapse (the gap)
40
Cerebral Hemispheres
Communicate contralaterally Ex) left side controls movements on right side of body Communicate ipsalaterally Ex) smell Dominant and non dominant Opposite hand used for writing is dominant Primarily analytic- language, logic, math... Context of language Nondominant- more sensitive to the emotional tone of language, creativity, music, spatial processing
41
Frontal lobe
Motor cortex- initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down spinal cord to muscles (projection area)
42
Broca's area
Important for speech production (Usually in left hemisphere) Language production
43
Occipital lobe
Visual cortex/ striate cortex (furrowed/ striped) * David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel (credited for advances)
44
Temporal lobes
Auditory cortex and Wernike's area Memory processing, emotional control, and language Stimulation increases memories from the past
45
Wernike's Area
Language reception and comprehension (understand spoken language)
46
Step on a nail...
Signal is transmitted by sensory neurons up to the spinal cord --> Sensory neurons connect to interneurons which relay the pain impulses to the brain ----> These are immediately transmitted to the motor neurons which tell the foot to step away By the time the info reaches the brain your muscles have already responded to the pain (thanks to reflex arcs)
47
All or nothing law
Once action potentials are triggered they all reach the same voltage
48
Mylenation
Thicker the insulation the faster the conduction
49
Aphasia PH
Language PHunction Broca's: disturbed ability to produce Wernike's: disturbed ability to understand
50
aMnesia
Impaired memory Anterograde: After Retrograde: Before
51
aGnosia
recoGnition of objects Visual: Visual recognition Tactile: touch recognition
52
Apraxia
Impairment of motor movements | Ex: speech apraxia (ability to form words with mouth)
53
James-Lange Theory Jubilant- Laugh
We recognize emotions based on how our body reacts Ex) feel sorry because we cry
54
Cannon- Bard Theory coffee- Becky
Emotions reflect our physiological arousal
55
Schlachter- Singer Theory phySiologicak- emotionS
Unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending to mental responses to environmental stimulation

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