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Physiological Flashcards

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0
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Sensory and Motor Neurons distributed throughout skin and muscles
sensory neurons transmit info through AFFERENT fibers (ascend to brain)
Motor impulses travel along efferent fibers (exit brain to muscles)

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1
Q

Describe the human nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (Brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (somatic and automatic nervous systems)

Auromatic nervous system (Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems)

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2
Q

Autonomic (automatic) Nervous System

A

Walter Cannon= Pioneer
regulates heart beat, body temperature, respiration, digestion & glandular sectretions= manages involuntary muscles

parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Conserve energy

resting and digesting

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

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5
Q

Human brain (3 parts)

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

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6
Q

Hindbrain

A

Located where the brain meets the spinal cord

Function- balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal (sleeping and waking)

Vital functioning necessary for survival

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7
Q

Midbrain

A

Located just above the hindbrain

Messages sensorimotor reflexes that also promote survival (receives sensory and motor info

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8
Q

Forebrain

A

Located above the midbrain
Manages complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
Also emotion and memory

*had the greatest influence on human behavior

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9
Q

Hindbrain

Medulla oblongata

A

Lower brain structure
Responsible for regulating vital functions

Ex) breathing, heart beat, blood pressure

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10
Q

Hindbrain

Pons

A

Located above medulla oblongata

Contains sensory and motor tracts between the cortex and medulla

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11
Q

Hindbrain

Cerebellum

A

Mushrooms out of pons
Helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements

**damage causes clumsiness, slurred speech, loss of balance

(Cerebellum is impaired by alcohol)

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12
Q

Hindbrain

Reticular Formation

A

Composed of intricate network of nerve fibers

Regulates arousal, alertness (sleeping/ waking), and attention

Anesthetics depress activity of this area

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13
Q

Midbrain

Involuntary reflex responses

A

Triggered by visual or auditory stimuli

Contains several prominent nuclei

  • superior (seeing) colliculus- received visual sensory
  • inferior (I hear) colliculus- receives auditory sensory (reflexive reactions to sudden noises)
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14
Q

Forebrain- divided into two hemispheres

Thalamus

A

Important relay station for incoming sensory info (all senses except for smell)

Thalamus sorts them and transmits them to appropriate cerebral cortex areas

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15
Q

Forebrain

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic function- Walter Cannon

Key player in emotional experience
(Increased arousal, aggressive, and sexual behaviors)

Also controls some endocrine functions and autonomic nervous system

Divided into lateral hypothalamus and anterior hypothalamus

Receptors regulate metabolism, temperature, and water balance

When any of the functions are out of balance, the hypothalamus detects the problem and signals the body to correct it- drive behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex)

*osmoregulation ( the maintenance of water balance) is preformed by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

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16
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH) Lack of Hunger

A

Hunger center has special receptors thought to detect when your body needs food or fluids

ApHaGia (HunGry) when LH is destroyed one will starve themselves if not forced to eat

Also plays role in rage and fighting behaviors

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17
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) Very Hungry

A

Satiety center

Tells you when you’ve had enough to eat

hYperpHaGia (You’re too HunGry) Brain lesions in this area lead to obesity

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18
Q

Hypothalamus and cortex

A

Hypothalamus manages fight or flight associated with sympathetic nervous system

When cortex was removed in cat= no rage and no flight or fight instinct, lacked ability to organize emotional responses

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19
Q

Anterior hypothalamus (Asexual)

A

Electrical stimulation causes increase in aggressive sexual behavior (will jump anything)

Damage to this area means permanent inhibition (asexual)

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20
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Main goal is to conserve energy

Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter

Decelerates heart beat and increases digestion

Resting and sleeping states decrease heart beat and respiration

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21
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Activated in stressful situations= fight or flight
Increase heart rate, blood sugar, and respiration
Decrease digestive process, pupils in eyes dialate
Adrenaline is neurotransmitter and increase in energy is from adrenaline

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22
Q

Forebrain

Cerebral cortex

A

Complex perceptual cognitive and behavioral processes

23
Q

Forebrain

Can Bass Love Train Hunger

A 
Cerebral Cortex-complex cognition 
Basal Ganglia- move to the bass
Limbic System- emotion and memory (love)
Thalamus- sensory relay
Hypothalamus- hunger, thirst, emotion
24
Q

Midbrain

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

25
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Reticular formation

26
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere

A 
Frontal lobe (executive function)
Temporal lobe (hearing)
Parietal lobe (touch, temperature, pain)
Occipital lobe (vision)

Primary motor cortex
Primary sensorimotor cortex

27
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory cortex (projection area) destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

So related to motor cortex that the two are sometimes referred to as the sensorimotor cortex

Central region deals with spatial processing and manipulation

28
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Neocortex= new bark (most recent area to evolve)

Has many bumps and folds called convolutions

High in cell mass

2 halves (cerebral hemispheres)
4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal)
29
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  1. Prefrontal lobe- supervises and directs the operations of other brain regions, supervises perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long term planning
    Governs many cognitive and behavioral processes
    Ex) reminds you that you have something you need to remember

Association area- combines input from diverse regions (large in humans not in animals)

Motor cortex= projection area -> sends out motor commands to muscles (visual receives input from retina)

Damage means increase impulsivity decreased control and depressed (may be apathetic or make vulgar remarks)

Used to do prefrontal lobotomies for schizophrenia

30
Q

Basal ganglia

Parkinson’s Disease and maybe schizophrenia

A

Coordinates muscle movement as it receives info from cortex to brain and spinal cord via the Extrapyramidal Motor System

Gathers info about body position and carries it to the brain and spinal cord

Helps to make our movements smooth and our body posture steady

31
Q

Ventricles

A

Fluid filled cavities in the middle of the brain that link up with spinal canal

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Large ventricles linked with schizophrenic symptoms (withdrawal, flat affect, catatonic states)

32
Q

Amygdala

A

Defense and aggressiveness
Research with lesions:
Damage= aggression and fear reduced
Lesions= docility and hypersexuality

Klüver- Bucy Syndrome (when it is removed)

33
Q

Hippocampus

Brenda Milner

A

Vital with learning and memory

Patient HM had amygdala and hippocampus removed and had a drastic, irreversible loss of memory for anything new

34
Q

Amnesia

A

Anterograde amnesia- new memories

Retrograde- loss of prior events

35
Q

Limbic System

A

Interconnected group of structures looping around center of brain- associated with emotion and memory

  • septum, amygdala, hippocampus
    (Also portions of the cortex and hypothalamus)

2nd major part of brain to evolve
Lies in oldest part of vertebra hemisphere

36
Q

Septum (septal area)

A

*a primary pleasure center

Mild stimulation of this area = intensely pleasurable and sexually arousing

*** James Olds and Peter Milner
Rats preferred it to eating

Septum also inhibits aggression

Damage/ lesions= sham rage

37
Q

Nerve Cells

A

1) sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain
2) motor neurons (efferent neurons)
Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles
3) interneurons
Most numerous, linked to reflexes and found between other neurons (located predominantly in brain and spinal cord)

Reflexive behavior (interneurons) controlled by neural circuits called reflex arcs- control behaviors crucial to survival

38
Q

Corpus Callosum

Studied by Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga

A

Connecting left and right hemispheres (large collection of fibers)

Patients who’s corpus Callosum was severed in an effort to limit seizures

CC allows a sharing of info between the two hemispheres in a coordinated way

39
Q

Movement in a Cell

A

Dendrites receive incoming information from other neurons via postsynaptic receptors

Terminal buttons contain neurotransmitters that “fire” and release

All information must make it across synapse (the gap)

40
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Communicate contralaterally
Ex) left side controls movements on right side of body
Communicate ipsalaterally
Ex) smell

Dominant and non dominant
Opposite hand used for writing is dominant
Primarily analytic- language, logic, math… Context of language
Nondominant- more sensitive to the emotional tone of language, creativity, music, spatial processing

41
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Motor cortex- initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down spinal cord to muscles (projection area)

42
Q

Broca’s area

A

Important for speech production
(Usually in left hemisphere)

Language production

43
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual cortex/ striate cortex (furrowed/ striped)

  • David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel (credited for advances)
44
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Auditory cortex and Wernike’s area

Memory processing, emotional control, and language

Stimulation increases memories from the past

45
Q

Wernike’s Area

A

Language reception and comprehension (understand spoken language)

46
Q

Step on a nail…

A

Signal is transmitted by sensory neurons up to the spinal cord –>
Sensory neurons connect to interneurons which relay the pain impulses to the brain —->
These are immediately transmitted to the motor neurons which tell the foot to step away

By the time the info reaches the brain your muscles have already responded to the pain (thanks to reflex arcs)

47
Q

All or nothing law

A

Once action potentials are triggered they all reach the same voltage

48
Q

Mylenation

A

Thicker the insulation the faster the conduction

49
Q

Aphasia

PH

A

Language PHunction

Broca’s: disturbed ability to produce
Wernike’s: disturbed ability to understand

50
Q

aMnesia

A

Impaired memory

Anterograde: After
Retrograde: Before

51
Q

aGnosia

A

recoGnition of objects

Visual: Visual recognition
Tactile: touch recognition

52
Q

Apraxia

A

Impairment of motor movements

Ex: speech apraxia (ability to form words with mouth)

53
Q

James-Lange Theory

Jubilant- Laugh

A

We recognize emotions based on how our body reacts

Ex) feel sorry because we cry

54
Q

Cannon- Bard Theory

coffee- Becky

A

Emotions reflect our physiological arousal

55
Q

Schlachter- Singer Theory

phySiologicak- emotionS

A

Unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending to mental responses to environmental stimulation

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