Physio/Pshycopharm Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
III. Oculomotor
A
Eye morvements
2
Q
Temporal Lobes
A
Function: Receptive language, Long-term memory, emotion, Involves suditory cortex, hearing and speech
Damage: Problems with Auditory Perception, changes in sexuality, deficits in declarative memory (especially episodic), faulty judgement, impaired concentration and Wernicke’s aphasia
2
Q
Serotonin
A
- Functions w/i the brain include:
- Mood control
- regulation of sleep
- sexual behavior
- anxiety
- pain perception
- body temp
- blood pressure
- hormonal activity
- Functions outside the brain
- Effects gastrointensinal and cardiovascular systems
- Located in midbrain and over the CNS
- Decreased amounts in depression
- Decreased amounts in anxiety
3
Q
Nervous System - 3 Systems
A
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Endocrine System
3
Q
Neurotransmission at the synapse
A
Electrical signals are converted to chemical signignals at the synapse
4
Q
Left Hamisphere
A
Function: Verbal, Logical
Damage: slow, cautious behavioral style
4
Q
Action Potential
A
- An elaborate signaling mechanism neurons have that is based on their selective permeability to certain ions and their flow through channels and pumps in the plasma membrain. Resting neurons have a negative membrain protential, caused by steady outflow of potassium ions and impermeability to sodium ions, and the action potential represents transient changes in this resting membrain potential.
4
Q
Synapse
A
- Tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to another
- Where neurotransmitters are released
- Neurons communicate with eachother at the synapse electrical signals are changed to chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters, which diffuse across the synapse and become electrical sugnals one again upon reaching the neighboring neuron
- neurotransmission at the synapse
5
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
- The outer layer of grey matter covering the entire surface of the cerebral hemisphere
- Made of of euron and supporting cells (glial cells)
- Functions to correlate information from many sources to maintain cognitive function (all aspects of perceiving, thinking and remembering)
6
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
- Nerves outside the skull and spine
- Cranial Nerves; Spinal Nerves; Autonomic Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System
- The PNS communicates sensory info to the CNS and then transmits commands from the CNS to the body
7
Q
Occipital - Right Hemisphere
A
Concerned with perception
- contain right portion of primary visual cortex crucial for perception of left visual field
- neccessary for recognition of objects
- visuospacial perception and orientation to space
7
Q
Norepinephrine (NE)
A
* Catecholamine
- Modulates behavioral and physiological processes such as mood, arousal, sexual behavior
- Decreased amounts on depression
- Excessive amounts in schizophrenia
7
Q
Neuron
A
- Most important part of the nervous system
- The basic unit of the nervous system, each has a cell body, dendrites and an axon
- Specialized for the conduction and transmission of electrical sugnals
- Neurons do not function in isolation; they are assembled into circuits that innervate the body to transimit sensory and motor signals to all aread of the body
- The structure of neurons, including the axons and dendrites, help to form these circuits
8
Q
Most important neurotransmitters
A
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Acetylcholine
- Glutamate
- GABA
- Serotonin
9
Q
Action Potential Process
A
- The openning of voltage-sensitive channels in the membrain allows sodium ions to move down the concentration gradient to enter the cell
- This produces the rising phase of the action potential, and means that the membrain potential, and means that the membrain potential becomes positive for a short time
- The falling phase of the action potential is caused by the subsequent closing of the sodium channels, which reduce the sodium influx, and by oppening the voltage-gated potassium channels which alows incereased influx of potassium ions from the cell, to restore the resting membrain potential
- In most nerve cells, action potentials are followed by a transient hyperpolarization
- During this time, the influx of pottasium ions from the cell is greater than during the resting state and, as a consequence, the membrain is hyperpolarized with respect to its normal resting value.
10
Q
IX. Glossopharyngeal
A
Sensory and motor nerve for the tongue and pharynx/throat, taste
Injurred: impaired swollowing; resonance disorder
11
Q
Right Hempisphere
A
Function: Artistic and musical abilities
Damage: Quick, impulsive behavior style
12
Q
Amygdala
A
- Responsible for anxiety, emotion, and fear
- Integrates and directs emotional behavior
- Attaches meaning to sensory experiences
- Mediates aggressive/defensive behavior
12
Q
GABA
A
- Most commone inhibitory NT
- controls anxiety
- located in brain
- Agonists such a Valium can act as tranquilizers, drugs that block this can start seixures
13
Q
Dendrites
A
- Input zone
- Specialized for receiving information and form synapitic contacts with the terminals of other nerve cells to allow nerve impulses to be trnasmitted
- Receives info from other cells through dendrites
- One of the extensions of the cell body that are receptive surfaces of the neuron
- tree-like extensions
14
Q
Frontal Lobe - Left Hemisphere
A
Function: Language/verbal, speach and spelling and language comprihension and prodiction
Important in encoding information into memory, involved in spacial problem solving, task switching response production, and semantic processing of words, important for memory of verbal recency
Damage: pseudodepression apathy, lower verba outpu, lower emotional expression, and decreased sexual function
15
Q
II. Optic
A
Sense of vision
16
Q
The Endocrine System
A
- Interacts with many body organs including the brain
- Incoming sensory stimuli elicit nerve impulses that go to the several brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hypothalamus
- If the stimulus requires action, energy is mobalized through hormonal routes (hypothalamus)
- Many behaviors require eural and hormonal communication.
16
Q
IV. Trochlear
A
Eye movements
16
Action Potential Stages
1. Resting Potential
2. Depolarization - threshhold
3. Action Potential
4. Hyperpolorazation
5. Resting Potential
17
Adrenal Glands
Influence the body's response to stress
18
Depolarization
For most types of axons, depolarization iniciateds the action potential and causes a transient change in the membrain that briefly switches its permeability from that allowing the passage of potassium ions to that allowing the passage of sodium ions.
19
Glutamate
* An ***excitatory*** neurotransmitter dound in the central nervous system
* Generally concerned to be the most important neurotransmitter for normal brain function and it is estimated that over half of the neurons in the brain release glutamate
* Precursor of gamma acid in the brain
* Some receptors are associated with learning and memory; Glu - responsible for excitoxicity
* prolomged depolarization kills cells
20
Neurotransmitters
* A chemical messenger that enables neurons to pass signals to each other and thus allow the body to function properly
* Electrical signals are converted to chemical signignals at the synapse (this is known as neurotransmission at the synapse)
* they play an important role in the development of brain disorders and in their treatment
21
Corpus Callosum
* Allows communication between the right and left hemispheres
* Involve in language learning
21
Electrical vs. Chemical Signals
A biolelectrical signal (action potentil) is initiated at a synapse and travels along the axon to the axon terminal. Here the elsectical signal is converted to a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) that diffuses out of the neuron, across the synalse, to its neighboring neuron. at the postsynaptic neuron the chamical signial is converted back into and electrical signal once again. Together, these two signaling systems (action potentials and synapse signals) are the basis for all information processing capabilities in the brain.
22
Pineal Gland
Responds to exposure to light and regulates activity levels over the course of the day
24
I. Olfactory
*Sense* of smell
25
Occipital - Left Hemisphere
**Concerned with perception**
* neccessary for recognition of objects and words
* concernned with extraction of speech information from visual sources
* contains left protions of primary visual cortex crutial for perception of *right* visal field
26
Forebrain
* Function to control
* cognitive
* sensory and motor
* regulates temp, reproductive function, eating, sleeping and display of emotion
* Largest protion of the brain
* Consists of the cerebral hemisphere, the lymbic system, the thalamus and the corpus callosum
27
Thyroid Gland
Hormone that reduces concentration and leads to irritability when the thyroid is overactive, and can cause drowsiness and sluggish metabolism
27
Myelin
* The fatty insulation around the axon formed by glial cells, that improves speed of conduction of nerv impulses
* Prevents sodium (K+) from leaking out of axon so membrane is depolarized quickly and action potential regenerates at nodes of renvier
* In persons w/ MS, the mylelin becomes damaged or destroyed, and the impulse transmission is impaired.
28
Occipital Lobes
Controls vision
29
Dopamine (DA)
\* Monoamine
* Controls arounsal level
* Located in CNS
* Excessive amounts in schizophrenia
* Decreased amounts in Parkinson's
30
Cingulate Gyrus
* Concentrates attention on adverse internal stimuli such as pain
* Contains the feeling of self
* Located in corpus callosum
32
Gonads
Reproductive glands
32
Up-Regulation
Increase number of receptors
33
Receptor
* A membrane protein structure consisting of an electrical binding site for a neurotransmitter or hormone
* Binding for a specific substance to the receptor results in a specific physiological effect
34
Brain structure involved in memory
* Prefrontal
* Cortex (STM)
* Hippocampus (STM which leads to LTM)
* Temporal Lobe (LTM)
* Thalamus (spatial memory)
36
Cerebellum
**Function:**
* controls movement
* motor coordination
* posture and maintaining equalibrium
* balance
* muscle tone
* learning motor slills
* *Walnut shaped structure situated at base of brain*
38
Frontal Lobe - Bilateral Funnctions
**Function:** executive functioning, control of behvior, working memory functioning, facial motor and snesory functioning.
Ability to learn from experience (associative learning).
Has projections to amygdola and hypothalamus (cruicial for emotional functioning)
Resonpsible for self-awareness and autobiographical knowledge.
Implicated in spacially guided behavior.
39
XI. Spinal Accessory
*Movement* of the neck and sholders
Injury: Impaired posture and neck tonicity
41
Thalamus
Relays incoming information to the appropriate part of the brain for further processing
43
Frontal Lobe - Right Hemisphere
**Function:** Nonverbal facial expressions and verbal and design fluency - **retrieval of episodic information from memory.**
Involved in auditory discrimination, self-paced response production, task-switching, semantic processing of words, and spacial problem solving
**Damage**: gross social dysfunctio, immature behavior, lack of social restraint, hyper-motor activity, and promiscuity
45
**Endocrine System:** Many behaviors require neural and *hormonal* communication
**Example:** A stressful situation is percieved through neural sensory channels. Hormonal secretions then prepare the individual to respond with energy... Anxiety is a normal emotion under circumstances of threat. It is part of the evolutionary "fight or flight" survival reaction. The muscular movements are controlled neurally, while energy is mobalized hormonally.
45
Pituitary Gland
Controls blood pressure, regulates the smount of water in the body's cells, ***Oxytocin*** triggers the action of other endocrine glands
47
X. Vagus
*Sensory* and *motor* nerve for the internal body organs (heart, blood, vessels, etc) and for the larynx/pharnx
Injury: voice disorder
48
Neurotransmitter
* electrical signal
* chamical signal
chamical signal
49
Hypothalamus
* Body homeistasis
* Circadian rhythm
* eating
* drinking
* sex
* Translation of strong feeling into responses
* Shallow breating; racing heart
* Control of autonomic and endocrine system
* It secretes corticotrophin releasing hormone, which helps to control the body's metabolismby exerting an influence on the pituitary gland, and vasopressin, which is involved in the regulation of the sleep and wake states
50
Prefrontal Cortex
* Inhibits innapropriate action
* forms plans and concepts
* helps focus attention
* bestows meaning to perception
52
Frontal Lobe
**Function:** Voluntary movement, thinking, feeling, concentration, reasoning, expressive language. Orientation to time, person, place
**Damage:** Impulsivity, Broca's aphasia
53
Action Potential
* electrical signal
* chamical signal
electrical signal
54
Parietal Lobe
**Functions:** Receiving and processing touch/pressure, kinesthesia and pain; contains the primary somatosensory area that manages skin sensation; integrates sensory information
**Damage:** Unusual complex-sensory and mortor problems; Unaware or unconcerned about problems ; apraxia; face and tactile agnosia; problems describing visual/spacial information.
55
Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression
States that there is a decreased concentration of monoamines (epinephrine, norepinepherine, thyroid hormones, melatonin) in brains of people with depression. Although it's _now_ thought that in deprssion there may be an increrase in the overall number of postsynaptic receptors, rather than a decrease in the number of monamine moecules. This ***upregulation*** of receptors would result in an increased concentration of monamines being needed to produce a response.
57
Parts of the brain in the Limbic System
* Caudate Nucleus
* Cingulate Gyrus
* Thalamus
* Pituitary Gland
* Amygdala
* Hypothalamus
* corpus Callosum
* Hippocampus
58
Alternative depression theories
* Antidepresents may cause an increase in the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors, and that reduced concentration of neurotransmitter can produce a response that is closer to the norm
* Another theory is that depression increases the sensitivity of presynaptic autoreceptors that moderate monamine release via a feedback mechanism. As a result, less of the neurotransmitter needs to be released before production is "switched off"
* Some theories link depression to a lack of stimulation of the recipient neuron at the synapse. to stimulate the recipient cell, SSRIs inhibit *the reuptake of seritonin*. As a result, the serotonin stays in the synaptic gap longer than it normally would, and may be recognized again (and again) by the receptors of the recipient cell, stimulating it.
60
Caudate Nucleus
* Part of the brain linked with impulsivity, which is correlated with the size of the caudate nucleus
* Function:
* involved in movement
* emotions
* planning and integrating sensory information
* primary site of initiation of movement
61
Down-regulation
Decrease number of receptors
62
XII. Hypoglossal
*Movement* of the tongue
Injury: articulation disorder
63
V. Trigeminal
*Sensory* and *motor* nerve for the face/scalp amd movement of chewing
Injury - impaired jaw movements; impaired sensation of face
64
Hippocampus
* Important in the formatiomn of memories and other higher functions
* Transfer from short-term memory to long-term memory
* Found in the temporal lobe of the forebrain
66
The Limbic System mediates
* hunger
* thirst
* emotions
* rage
* fear
* pleasure
* memory encoding
67
Reticular Formation
**Parts of the brain/hindbrain**
* Involved with
* Sleep/wake cycle
* arousal
* information filtering
* selective attention
68
Pituitary Gland
* Regulates basic biological drives such as
* hormonal level
* sexual behavior
* Controls autonomic functions such as
* hunger
* thirst
* body temperature
70
Pancreas
Controls te level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagon
71
VII. Facial
*Sensory* nerves for taste of anterior 2/3 tongue and *motor* nerve for facial movements
Injury: impaired facial expression
72
Acetylcholine (ACh)
* Learning/memory
* controls voluntary movement
* REM sleep
* sex
Located in PNS and brainstem
* ACh loss found in Alzheimer's
* Interference with ACh impedes memories
73
Parathyroid Gland
Controls and ballances the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and tissue fluid
74
Parts of Enocrine System
* Parathyroid Gland
* Thyroid Gland
* Pancreas
* Pineal Gland
* Putuitary Gland
* Adrenal Gland
* Gonads
**P**eter **T**hrew **P**an **P**epperoni **P**izza **A**t **G**eorge
75
VI. Abducens
Eye *movements*
76
How does Neurotransmission occur?
In the brain, messages are passed between two nerve cells via a synapse, a small gap betwen the cells. The cell that sends the information releases neurotransmitters (of which serotonin is one) into that gap. The neurotransmitters are then recognized by receptors on the surface of the recipient (postsynaptic), cell, which upon this stimulation, in turn, relays the signal. About 10% of the neurotransmitters are lost in this process; the other 90% are released from the receptors and taken up again by monoamine transporters in the sending (presynaptic) cell (a process called reuptake).
77
Axon
* Conduction zone
* A single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons
* Carry info from the cell body toward the synapse
\* Single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the elestrical impulse
* Coverred in myelin
* At the end of the axon, the nerve impulses are transmitted to other neurons or to effected organs
78
VIII. Vestibularcochlear
*Sense* of hearing and ballance
Injury: Hearing/ballance disorder
79
Central Nervous System
* Brain
* Spinal Cord
80
The Limbic System
Critical for morning memories and experiencing pleasure, as well as for motivational and emotional activities
81
Cranial Nervs
Have sensory and motor functions
82
# Reverse Cards
Eye *morvements*
III. Oculomotor
83
# Reverse Cards
**Function:** Receptive language, **Long-term memory,** emotion, Involves suditory cortex, **hearing and speech**
**Damage:** Problems with Auditory Perception, changes in sexuality, deficits in declarative memory (especially episodic), faulty judgement, impaired concentration and Wernicke's aphasia
Temporal Lobes
84
# Reverse Cards
* Functions w/i the brain include:
* Mood control
* regulation of sleep
* sexual behavior
* anxiety
* pain perception
* body temp
* blood pressure
* hormonal activity
* Functions outside the brain
* Effects gastrointensinal and cardiovascular systems
* Located in midbrain and over the CNS
* Decreased amounts in depression
* Decreased amounts in anxiety
Serotonin
85
# Reverse Cards
* Central Nervous System (CNS)
* Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
* Endocrine System
Nervous System - 3 Systems
86
# Reverse Cards
Electrical signals are converted to chemical signignals at the synapse
Neurotransmission at the synapse
87
# Reverse Cards
**Function:** Verbal, Logical
**Damage:** slow, cautious behavioral style
Left Hamisphere
88
# Reverse Cards
* An elaborate signaling mechanism neurons have that is based on their selective permeability to certain ions and their flow through channels and pumps in the plasma membrain. Resting neurons have a negative membrain protential, caused by steady outflow of potassium ions and impermeability to sodium ions, and the action potential represents transient changes in this resting membrain potential.
Action Potential
89
# Reverse Cards
* Tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to another
* Where neurotransmitters are released
* Neurons communicate with eachother at the synapse electrical signals are changed to chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters, which diffuse across the synapse and become electrical sugnals one again upon reaching the neighboring neuron
* - neurotransmission at the synapse
Synapse
90
# Reverse Cards
* The outer layer of grey matter covering the entire surface of the cerebral hemisphere
* Made of of euron and supporting cells (glial cells)
* Functions to correlate information from many sources to maintain cognitive function (all aspects of perceiving, thinking and remembering)
Cerebral Cortex
91
# Reverse Cards
* Nerves outside the skull and spine
* Cranial Nerves; Spinal Nerves; Autonomic Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System
* The PNS communicates sensory info to the CNS and then transmits commands from the CNS to the body
Peripheral Nervous System
92
# Reverse Cards
**Concerned with perception**
* contain right portion of primary visual cortex crucial for perception of *left* visual field
* neccessary for recognition of objects
* visuospacial perception and orientation to space
Occipital - Right Hemisphere
93
# Reverse Cards
\* Catecholamine
* Modulates behavioral and physiological processes such as mood, arousal, sexual behavior
* Decreased amounts on depression
* Excessive amounts in schizophrenia
Norepinephrine (NE)
94
# Reverse Cards
* Most important part of the nervous system
* The basic unit of the nervous system, each has a cell body, dendrites and an axon
* Specialized for the conduction and transmission of electrical sugnals
* Neurons do not function in isolation; they are assembled into circuits that innervate the body to transimit sensory and motor signals to all aread of the body
* The structure of neurons, including the axons and dendrites, help to form these circuits
Neuron
95
# Reverse Cards
* Norepinephrine
* Dopamine
* Acetylcholine
* Glutamate
* GABA
* Serotonin
Most important neurotransmitters
96
# Reverse Cards
* The openning of voltage-sensitive channels in the membrain allows sodium ions to move down the concentration gradient to enter the cell
* This produces the rising phas of the action potential, and means that the membrain potential, and means that the membrain potential becomes positive for a short time
* The falling phase of the action potential is caused by the subsequent closing of the sodium channels, which reduce the sodium influx, and by oppening the voltage-gated potassium channels which alows incereased influx of potassium ions from the cell, to restore the resting membrain potential
* In most nerve cells, action potentials are followed by a transient *hyperpolarization*
* During this time, the influx of pottasium ions from the cell is greater than during the resting state and, as a consequence, the membrain is hyperpolarized with respect to its normal resting value.
Action Potential Process
97
# Reverse Cards
Sensory and *motor* nerve for the tongue and pharynx/throat, taste
Injurred: impaired swollowing; resonance disorder
IX. Glossopharyngeal
98
# Reverse Cards
**Function:** Artistic and musical abilities
**Damage:** Quick, impulsive behavior style
Right Hempisphere
99
# Reverse Cards
* Responsible for anxiety, emotion, and fear
* Integrates and directs emotional behavior
* Attaches meaning to sensory experiences
* Mediates aggressive/defensive behavior
Amygdala
100
# Reverse Cards
* Most commone ***i******nhibitory*** NT
* controls anxiety
* located in brain
* Agonists such a Valium can act as tranquilizers, drugs that block this can start seixures
GABA
101
# Reverse Cards
* Input zone
* Specialized for receiving information and form synapitic contacts with the terminals of other nerve cells to allow nerve impulses to be trnasmitted
* Receives info from other cells through dendrites
* One of the extensions of the cell body that are receptive surfaces of the neuron
* tree-like extensions
Dendrites
102
# Reverse Cards
**Function:** Language/verbal, speach and spelling and language comprihension and prodiction
Important in encoding information into memory, involved in spacial problem solving, task switching response production, and semantic processing of words, important for memory of verbal recency
**Damage:** pseudodepression apathy, lower verba outpu, lower emotional expression, and decreased sexual function
Frontal Lobe - Left Hemisphere
103
# Reverse Cards
*Sense* of vision
II. Optic
104
# Reverse Cards
* Interacts with many body organs including the brain
* Incoming sensory stimuli elicit nerve impulses that go to the several brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hypothalamus
* If the stimulus requires action, energy is mobalized through hormonal routes (hypothalamus)
* Many behaviors require eural and hormonal communication.
The Endocrine System
105
# Reverse Cards
Eye *movements*
IV. Trochlear
106
# Reverse Cards
1. Resting Potential
2. Depolarization - threshhold
3. Action Potential
4. Hyperpolorazation
5. Resting Potential
Action Potential Stages
107
# Reverse Cards
Influence the body's response to stress
Adrenal Glands
108
# Reverse Cards
For most types of axons, depolarization iniciateds the action potential and causes a transient change in the membrain that briefly switches its permeability from that allowing the passage of potassium ions to that allowing the passage of sodium ions.
Depolarization
109
# Reverse Cards
* An ***excitatory*** neurotransmitter dound in the central nervous system
* Generally concerned to be the most important neurotransmitter for normal brain function and it is estimated that over half of the neurons in the brain release glutamate
* Precursor of gamma acid in the brain
* Some receptors are associated with learning and memory; Glu - responsible for excitoxicity
* prolomged depolarization kills cells
Glutamate
110
# Reverse Cards
* A chemical messenger that enables neurons to pass signals to each other and thus allow the body to function properly
* Electrical signals are converted to chemical signignals at the synapse (this is known as neurotransmission at the synapse)
* they play an important role in the development of brain disorders and in their treatment
Neurotransmitters
111
# Reverse Cards
* Allows communication between the right and left hemispheres
* Involve in language learning
Corpus Callosum
112
# Reverse Cards
A biolelectrical signal (action potentil) is initiated at a synapse and travels along the axon to the axon terminal. Here the elsectical signal is converted to a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) that diffuses out of the neuron, across the synalse, to its neighboring neuron. at the postsynaptic neuron the chamical signial is converted back into and electrical signal once again. Together, these two signaling systems (action potentials and synapse signals) are the basis for all information processing capabilities in the brain.
Electrical vs. Chemical Signals
113
# Reverse Cards
Responds to exposure to light and regulates activity levels over the course of the day
Pineal Gland
114
# Reverse Cards
*Sense* of smell
I. Olfactory
115
# Reverse Cards
**Concerned with perception**
* neccessary for recognition of objects and words
* concernned with extraction of speech information from visual sources
* contains left protions of primary visual cortex crutial for perception of *right* visal field
Occipital - Left Hemisphere
116
# Reverse Cards
* Function to control
* cognitive
* sensory and motor
* regulates temp, reproductive function, eating, sleeping and display of emotion
* Largest protion of the brain
* Consists of the cerebral hemisphere, the lymbic system, the thalamus and the corpus callosum
Forebrain
117
# Reverse Cards
Hormone that reduces concentration and leads to irritability when the thyroid is overactive, and can cause drowsiness and sluggish metabolism
Thyroid Gland
118
# Reverse Cards
* The fatty insulation around the axon formed by glial cells, that improves speed of conduction of nerv impulses
* Prevents sodium (K+) from leaking out of axon so membrane is depolarized quickly and action potential regenerates at nodes of renvier
* In persons w/ MS, the mylelin becomes damaged or destroyed, and the impulse transmission is impaired.
Myelin
119
# Reverse Cards
Controls vision
Occipital Lobes
120
# Reverse Cards
\* Monoamine
* Controls arounsal level
* Located in CNS
* Excessive amounts in schizophrenia
* Decreased amounts in Parkinson's
Dopamine (DA)
121
# Reverse Cards
* Concentrates attention on adverse internal stimuli such as pain
* Contains the feeling of self
* Located in corpus callosum
Cingulate Gyrus
122
# Reverse Cards
Reproductive glands
Gonads
123
# Reverse Cards
Increase number of receptors
Up-Regulation
124
# Reverse Cards
* A membrane protein structure consisting of an electrical binding site for a neurotransmitter or hormone
* Binding for a specific substance to the receptor results in a specific physiological effect
Receptor
125
# Reverse Cards
* Prefrontal
* Cortex (STM)
* Hippocampus (STM which leads to LTM)
* Temporal Lobe (LTM)
* Thalamus (spatial memory)
Brain structure involved in memory
126
# Reverse Cards
**Function:**
* controls movement
* motor coordination
* posture and maintaining equalibrium
* balance
* muscle tone
* learning motor slills
* *Walnut shaped structure situated at base of brain*
Cerebellum
127
# Reverse Cards
**Function:** executive functioning, control of behvior, working memory functioning, facial motor and snesory functioning.
Ability to learn from experience (associative learning).
Has projections to amygdola and hypothalamus (cruicial for emotional functioning)
Resonpsible for self-awareness and autobiographical knowledge.
Implicated in spacially guided behavior.
Frontal Lobe - Bilateral Funnctions
128
# Reverse Cards
*Movement* of the neck and sholders
Injury: Impaired posture and neck tonicity
XI. Spinal Accessory
129
# Reverse Cards
Relays incoming information to the appropriate part of the brain for further processing
Thalamus
130
# Reverse Cards
**Function:** Nonverbal facial expressions and verbal and design fluency - **retrieval of episodic information from memory.**
Involved in auditory discrimination, self-paced response production, task-switching, semantic processing of words, and spacial problem solving
**Damage**: gross social dysfunctio, immature behavior, lack of social restraint, hyper-motor activity, and promiscuity
Frontal Lobe - Right Hemisphere
131
# Reverse Cards
**Example:** A stressful situation is percieved through neural sensory channels. Hormonal secretions then prepare the individual to respond with energy... Anxiety is a normal emotion under circumstances of threat. It is part of the evolutionary "fight or flight" survival reaction. The muscular movements are controlled neurally, while energy is mobalized hormonally.
**Endocrine System:** Many behaviors require neural and *hormonal* communication
132
# Reverse Cards
Controls blood pressure, regulates the smount of water in the body's cells, ***Oxytocin*** triggers the action of other endocrine glands
Pituitary Gland
133
# Reverse Cards
*Sensory* and *motor* nerve for the internal body organs (heart, blood, vessels, etc) and for the larynx/pharnx
Injury: voice disorder
X. Vagus
134
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chamical signal
Neurotransmitter
* electrical signal
* chamical signal
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* Body homeistasis
* Circadian rhythm
* eating
* drinking
* sex
* Translation of strong feeling into responses
* Shallow breating; racing heart
* Control of autonomic and endocrine system
* It secretes corticotrophin releasing hormone, which helps to control the body's metabolismby exerting an influence on the pituitary gland, and vasopressin, which is involved in the regulation of the sleep and wake states
Hypothalamus
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* Inhibits innapropriate action
* forms plans and concepts
* helps focus attention
* bestows meaning to perception
Prefrontal Cortex
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**Function:** Voluntary movement, thinking, feeling, concentration, reasoning, expressive language. Orientation to time, person, place
**Damage:** Impulsivity, Broca's aphasia
Frontal Lobe
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electrical signal
Action Potential
* electrical signal
* chamical signal
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**Functions:** Receiving and processing touch/pressure, kinesthesia and pain; contains the primary somatosensory area that manages skin sensation; integrates sensory information
**Damage:** Unusual complex-sensory and mortor problems; Unaware or unconcerned about problems ; apraxia; face and tactile agnosia; problems describing visual/spacial information.
Parietal Lobe
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States that there is a decreased concentration of monoamines (epinephrine, norepinepherine, thyroid hormones, melatonin) in brains of people with depression. Although it's _now_ thought that in deprssion there may be an increrase in the overall number of postsynaptic receptors, rather than a decrease in the number of monamine moecules. This ***upregulation*** of receptors would result in an increased concentration of monamines being needed to produce a response.
Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression
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* Caudate Nucleus
* Cingulate Gyrus
* Thalamus
* Pituitary Gland
* Amygdala
* Hypothalamus
* corpus Callosum
* Hippocampus
Parts of the brain in the Limbic System
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* Antidepresents may cause an increase in the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors, and that reduced concentration of neurotransmitter can produce a response that is closer to the norm
* Another theory is that depression increases the sensitivity of presynaptic autoreceptors that moderate monamine release via a feedback mechanism. As a result, less of the neurotransmitter needs to be released before production is "switched off"
* Some theories link depression to a lack of stimulation of the recipient neuron at the synapse. to stimulate the recipient cell, SSRIs inhibit *the reuptake of seritonin*. As a result, the serotonin stays in the synaptic gap longer than it normally would, and may be recognized again (and again) by the receptors of the recipient cell, stimulating it.
Alternative depression theories
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* Part of the brain linked with impulsivity, which is correlated with the size of the caudate nucleus
* Function:
* involved in movement
* emotions
* planning and integrating sensory information
* primary site of initiation of movement
Caudate Nucleus
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Decrease number of receptors
Down-regulation
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*Movement* of the tongue
Injury: articulation disorder
XII. Hypoglossal
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*Sensory* and *motor* nerve for the face/scalp amd movement of chewing
Injury - impaired jaw movements; impaired sensation of face
V. Trigeminal
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* Important in the formatiomn of memories and other higher functions
* Transfer from short-term memory to long-term memory
* Found in the temporal lobe of the forebrain
Hippocampus
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* hunger
* thirst
* emotions
* rage
* fear
* pleasure
* memory encoding
The Limbic System mediates
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**Parts of the brain/hindbrain**
* Involved with
* Sleep/wake cycle
* arousal
* information filtering
* selective attention
Reticular Formation
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* Regulates basic biological drives such as
* hormonal level
* sexual behavior
* Controls autonomic functions such as
* hunger
* thirst
* body temperature
Pituitary Gland
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Controls te level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
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*Sensory* nerves for taste of anterior 2/3 tongue and *motor* nerve for facial movements
Injury: impaired facial expression
VII. Facial
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* Learning/memory
* controls voluntary movement
* REM sleep
* sex
Located in PNS and brainstem
* ACh loss found in Alzheimer's
* Interference with ACh impedes memories
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Controls and ballances the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and tissue fluid
Parathyroid Gland
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* Parathyroid Gland
* Thyroid Gland
* Pancreas
* Pineal Gland
* Putuitary Gland
* Adrenal Gland
* Gonads
**P**eter **T**hrew **P**an **P**epperoni **P**izza **A**t **G**eorge
Parts of Enocrine System
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Eye *movements*
VI. Abducens
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In the brain, messages are passed between two nerve cells via a synapse, a small gap betwen the cells. The cell that sends the information releases neurotransmitters (of which serotonin is one) into that gap. The neurotransmitters are then recognized by receptors on the surface of the recipient (postsynaptic), cell, which upon this stimulation, in turn, relays the signal. About 10% of the neurotransmitters are lost in this process; the other 90% are released from the receptors and taken up again by monoamine transporters in the sending (presynaptic) cell (a process called reuptake).
How does Neurotransmission occur?
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* Conduction zone
* A single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons
* Carry info from the cell body toward the synapse
\* Single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the elestrical impulse
* Coverred in myelin
* At the end of the axon, the nerve impulses are transmitted to other neurons or to effected organs
Axon
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*Sense* of hearing and ballance
Injury: Hearing/ballance disorder
VIII. Vestibularcochlear
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* Brain
* Spinal Cord
Central Nervous System
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Critical for morning memories and experiencing pleasure, as well as for motivational and emotional activities
The Limbic System
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Have sensory and motor functions
Cranial Nervs
