Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physio/Psychopharm > Physio/Pshycopharm > Flashcards

Physio/Pshycopharm Flashcards

1
Q

III. Oculomotor

A

Eye morvements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Function: Receptive language, Long-term memory, emotion, Involves suditory cortex, hearing and speech

Damage: Problems with Auditory Perception, changes in sexuality, deficits in declarative memory (especially episodic), faulty judgement, impaired concentration and Wernicke’s aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Serotonin

A
  • Functions w/i the brain include:
    • Mood control
    • regulation of sleep
    • sexual behavior
    • anxiety
    • pain perception
    • body temp
    • blood pressure
    • hormonal activity
  • Functions outside the brain
    • Effects gastrointensinal and cardiovascular systems
  • Located in midbrain and over the CNS
  • Decreased amounts in depression
  • Decreased amounts in anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nervous System - 3 Systems

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  • Endocrine System
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neurotransmission at the synapse

A

Electrical signals are converted to chemical signignals at the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Left Hamisphere

A

Function: Verbal, Logical

Damage: slow, cautious behavioral style

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Action Potential

A
  • An elaborate signaling mechanism neurons have that is based on their selective permeability to certain ions and their flow through channels and pumps in the plasma membrain. Resting neurons have a negative membrain protential, caused by steady outflow of potassium ions and impermeability to sodium ions, and the action potential represents transient changes in this resting membrain potential.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Synapse

A
  • Tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to another
  • Where neurotransmitters are released
  • Neurons communicate with eachother at the synapse electrical signals are changed to chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters, which diffuse across the synapse and become electrical sugnals one again upon reaching the neighboring neuron
    • neurotransmission at the synapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • The outer layer of grey matter covering the entire surface of the cerebral hemisphere
  • Made of of euron and supporting cells (glial cells)
  • Functions to correlate information from many sources to maintain cognitive function (all aspects of perceiving, thinking and remembering)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Nerves outside the skull and spine
    • Cranial Nerves; Spinal Nerves; Autonomic Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System
    • The PNS communicates sensory info to the CNS and then transmits commands from the CNS to the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Occipital - Right Hemisphere

A

Concerned with perception

  • contain right portion of primary visual cortex crucial for perception of left visual field
  • neccessary for recognition of objects
  • visuospacial perception and orientation to space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

* Catecholamine

  • Modulates behavioral and physiological processes such as mood, arousal, sexual behavior
  • Decreased amounts on depression
  • Excessive amounts in schizophrenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neuron

A
  • Most important part of the nervous system
  • The basic unit of the nervous system, each has a cell body, dendrites and an axon
  • Specialized for the conduction and transmission of electrical sugnals
  • Neurons do not function in isolation; they are assembled into circuits that innervate the body to transimit sensory and motor signals to all aread of the body
  • The structure of neurons, including the axons and dendrites, help to form these circuits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most important neurotransmitters

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Serotonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Action Potential Process

A
  • The openning of voltage-sensitive channels in the membrain allows sodium ions to move down the concentration gradient to enter the cell
  • This produces the rising phase of the action potential, and means that the membrain potential, and means that the membrain potential becomes positive for a short time
  • The falling phase of the action potential is caused by the subsequent closing of the sodium channels, which reduce the sodium influx, and by oppening the voltage-gated potassium channels which alows incereased influx of potassium ions from the cell, to restore the resting membrain potential
  • In most nerve cells, action potentials are followed by a transient hyperpolarization
  • During this time, the influx of pottasium ions from the cell is greater than during the resting state and, as a consequence, the membrain is hyperpolarized with respect to its normal resting value.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

IX. Glossopharyngeal

A

Sensory and motor nerve for the tongue and pharynx/throat, taste

Injurred: impaired swollowing; resonance disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Right Hempisphere

A

Function: Artistic and musical abilities

Damage: Quick, impulsive behavior style

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Responsible for anxiety, emotion, and fear
  • Integrates and directs emotional behavior
  • Attaches meaning to sensory experiences
  • Mediates aggressive/defensive behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GABA

A
  • Most commone inhibitory NT
  • controls anxiety
  • located in brain
  • Agonists such a Valium can act as tranquilizers, drugs that block this can start seixures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dendrites

A
  • Input zone
  • Specialized for receiving information and form synapitic contacts with the terminals of other nerve cells to allow nerve impulses to be trnasmitted
  • Receives info from other cells through dendrites
  • One of the extensions of the cell body that are receptive surfaces of the neuron
  • tree-like extensions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Frontal Lobe - Left Hemisphere

A

Function: Language/verbal, speach and spelling and language comprihension and prodiction

Important in encoding information into memory, involved in spacial problem solving, task switching response production, and semantic processing of words, important for memory of verbal recency

Damage: pseudodepression apathy, lower verba outpu, lower emotional expression, and decreased sexual function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

II. Optic

A

Sense of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The Endocrine System

A
  • Interacts with many body organs including the brain
  • Incoming sensory stimuli elicit nerve impulses that go to the several brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hypothalamus
  • If the stimulus requires action, energy is mobalized through hormonal routes (hypothalamus)
  • Many behaviors require eural and hormonal communication.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

IV. Trochlear

A

Eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Action Potential Stages

A
  1. Resting Potential
  2. Depolarization - threshhold
  3. Action Potential
  4. Hyperpolorazation
  5. Resting Potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Influence the body’s response to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Depolarization

A

For most types of axons, depolarization iniciateds the action potential and causes a transient change in the membrain that briefly switches its permeability from that allowing the passage of potassium ions to that allowing the passage of sodium ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glutamate

A
  • An excitatory neurotransmitter dound in the central nervous system
  • Generally concerned to be the most important neurotransmitter for normal brain function and it is estimated that over half of the neurons in the brain release glutamate
  • Precursor of gamma acid in the brain
  • Some receptors are associated with learning and memory; Glu - responsible for excitoxicity
    • prolomged depolarization kills cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • A chemical messenger that enables neurons to pass signals to each other and thus allow the body to function properly
  • Electrical signals are converted to chemical signignals at the synapse (this is known as neurotransmission at the synapse)
  • they play an important role in the development of brain disorders and in their treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • Allows communication between the right and left hemispheres
  • Involve in language learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Electrical vs. Chemical Signals

A

A biolelectrical signal (action potentil) is initiated at a synapse and travels along the axon to the axon terminal. Here the elsectical signal is converted to a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) that diffuses out of the neuron, across the synalse, to its neighboring neuron. at the postsynaptic neuron the chamical signial is converted back into and electrical signal once again. Together, these two signaling systems (action potentials and synapse signals) are the basis for all information processing capabilities in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Responds to exposure to light and regulates activity levels over the course of the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

I. Olfactory

A

Sense of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Occipital - Left Hemisphere

A

Concerned with perception

  • neccessary for recognition of objects and words
  • concernned with extraction of speech information from visual sources
  • contains left protions of primary visual cortex crutial for perception of right visal field
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Forebrain

A
  • Function to control
    • cognitive
    • sensory and motor
    • regulates temp, reproductive function, eating, sleeping and display of emotion
  • Largest protion of the brain
  • Consists of the cerebral hemisphere, the lymbic system, the thalamus and the corpus callosum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Hormone that reduces concentration and leads to irritability when the thyroid is overactive, and can cause drowsiness and sluggish metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Myelin

A
  • The fatty insulation around the axon formed by glial cells, that improves speed of conduction of nerv impulses
  • Prevents sodium (K+) from leaking out of axon so membrane is depolarized quickly and action potential regenerates at nodes of renvier
  • In persons w/ MS, the mylelin becomes damaged or destroyed, and the impulse transmission is impaired.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Controls vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

* Monoamine

  • Controls arounsal level
  • Located in CNS
  • Excessive amounts in schizophrenia
  • Decreased amounts in Parkinson’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A
  • Concentrates attention on adverse internal stimuli such as pain
  • Contains the feeling of self
  • Located in corpus callosum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Gonads

A

Reproductive glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Up-Regulation

A

Increase number of receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Receptor

A
  • A membrane protein structure consisting of an electrical binding site for a neurotransmitter or hormone
  • Binding for a specific substance to the receptor results in a specific physiological effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Brain structure involved in memory

A
  • Prefrontal
  • Cortex (STM)
  • Hippocampus (STM which leads to LTM)
  • Temporal Lobe (LTM)
  • Thalamus (spatial memory)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cerebellum

A

Function:

  • controls movement
  • motor coordination
  • posture and maintaining equalibrium
  • balance
  • muscle tone
  • learning motor slills
  • Walnut shaped structure situated at base of brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Frontal Lobe - Bilateral Funnctions

A

Function: executive functioning, control of behvior, working memory functioning, facial motor and snesory functioning.

Ability to learn from experience (associative learning).

Has projections to amygdola and hypothalamus (cruicial for emotional functioning)

Resonpsible for self-awareness and autobiographical knowledge.

Implicated in spacially guided behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

XI. Spinal Accessory

A

Movement of the neck and sholders

Injury: Impaired posture and neck tonicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays incoming information to the appropriate part of the brain for further processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Frontal Lobe - Right Hemisphere

A

Function: Nonverbal facial expressions and verbal and design fluency - retrieval of episodic information from memory.

Involved in auditory discrimination, self-paced response production, task-switching, semantic processing of words, and spacial problem solving

Damage: gross social dysfunctio, immature behavior, lack of social restraint, hyper-motor activity, and promiscuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Endocrine System: Many behaviors require neural and hormonal communication

A

Example: A stressful situation is percieved through neural sensory channels. Hormonal secretions then prepare the individual to respond with energy… Anxiety is a normal emotion under circumstances of threat. It is part of the evolutionary “fight or flight” survival reaction. The muscular movements are controlled neurally, while energy is mobalized hormonally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Controls blood pressure, regulates the smount of water in the body’s cells, Oxytocin triggers the action of other endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

X. Vagus

A

Sensory and motor nerve for the internal body organs (heart, blood, vessels, etc) and for the larynx/pharnx

Injury: voice disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Neurotransmitter

  • electrical signal
  • chamical signal
A

chamical signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Body homeistasis
  • Circadian rhythm
    • eating
    • drinking
    • sex
  • Translation of strong feeling into responses
    • Shallow breating; racing heart
  • Control of autonomic and endocrine system
  • It secretes corticotrophin releasing hormone, which helps to control the body’s metabolismby exerting an influence on the pituitary gland, and vasopressin, which is involved in the regulation of the sleep and wake states
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • Inhibits innapropriate action
  • forms plans and concepts
  • helps focus attention
  • bestows meaning to perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Function: Voluntary movement, thinking, feeling, concentration, reasoning, expressive language. Orientation to time, person, place

Damage: Impulsivity, Broca’s aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Action Potential

  • electrical signal
  • chamical signal
A

electrical signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Functions: Receiving and processing touch/pressure, kinesthesia and pain; contains the primary somatosensory area that manages skin sensation; integrates sensory information

Damage: Unusual complex-sensory and mortor problems; Unaware or unconcerned about problems ; apraxia; face and tactile agnosia; problems describing visual/spacial information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression

A

States that there is a decreased concentration of monoamines (epinephrine, norepinepherine, thyroid hormones, melatonin) in brains of people with depression. Although it’s now thought that in deprssion there may be an increrase in the overall number of postsynaptic receptors, rather than a decrease in the number of monamine moecules. This upregulation of receptors would result in an increased concentration of monamines being needed to produce a response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Parts of the brain in the Limbic System

A
  • Caudate Nucleus
  • Cingulate Gyrus
  • Thalamus
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Amygdala
  • Hypothalamus
  • corpus Callosum
  • Hippocampus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Alternative depression theories

A
  • Antidepresents may cause an increase in the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors, and that reduced concentration of neurotransmitter can produce a response that is closer to the norm
  • Another theory is that depression increases the sensitivity of presynaptic autoreceptors that moderate monamine release via a feedback mechanism. As a result, less of the neurotransmitter needs to be released before production is “switched off”
  • Some theories link depression to a lack of stimulation of the recipient neuron at the synapse. to stimulate the recipient cell, SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of seritonin. As a result, the serotonin stays in the synaptic gap longer than it normally would, and may be recognized again (and again) by the receptors of the recipient cell, stimulating it.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A
  • Part of the brain linked with impulsivity, which is correlated with the size of the caudate nucleus
  • Function:
    • involved in movement
    • emotions
    • planning and integrating sensory information
    • primary site of initiation of movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Down-regulation

A

Decrease number of receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

XII. Hypoglossal

A

Movement of the tongue

Injury: articulation disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

V. Trigeminal

A

Sensory and motor nerve for the face/scalp amd movement of chewing

Injury - impaired jaw movements; impaired sensation of face

64
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Important in the formatiomn of memories and other higher functions
  • Transfer from short-term memory to long-term memory
  • Found in the temporal lobe of the forebrain
66
Q

The Limbic System mediates

A
  • hunger
  • thirst
  • emotions
  • rage
  • fear
  • pleasure
  • memory encoding
67
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Parts of the brain/hindbrain

  • Involved with
    • Sleep/wake cycle
    • arousal
    • information filtering
    • selective attention
68
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Regulates basic biological drives such as
    • hormonal level
    • sexual behavior
  • Controls autonomic functions such as
    • hunger
    • thirst
    • body temperature
70
Q

Pancreas

A

Controls te level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagon

71
Q

VII. Facial

A

Sensory nerves for taste of anterior 2/3 tongue and motor nerve for facial movements

Injury: impaired facial expression

72
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • Learning/memory
  • controls voluntary movement
  • REM sleep
  • sex

Located in PNS and brainstem

  • ACh loss found in Alzheimer’s
  • Interference with ACh impedes memories
73
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

Controls and ballances the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and tissue fluid

74
Q

Parts of Enocrine System

A
  • Parathyroid Gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Pancreas
  • Pineal Gland
  • Putuitary Gland
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Gonads

Peter Threw Pan Pepperoni Pizza At George

75
Q

VI. Abducens

A

Eye movements

76
Q

How does Neurotransmission occur?

A

In the brain, messages are passed between two nerve cells via a synapse, a small gap betwen the cells. The cell that sends the information releases neurotransmitters (of which serotonin is one) into that gap. The neurotransmitters are then recognized by receptors on the surface of the recipient (postsynaptic), cell, which upon this stimulation, in turn, relays the signal. About 10% of the neurotransmitters are lost in this process; the other 90% are released from the receptors and taken up again by monoamine transporters in the sending (presynaptic) cell (a process called reuptake).

77
Q

Axon

A
  • Conduction zone
  • A single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons
  • Carry info from the cell body toward the synapse

* Single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the elestrical impulse

  • Coverred in myelin
  • At the end of the axon, the nerve impulses are transmitted to other neurons or to effected organs
78
Q

VIII. Vestibularcochlear

A

Sense of hearing and ballance

Injury: Hearing/ballance disorder

79
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
80
Q

The Limbic System

A

Critical for morning memories and experiencing pleasure, as well as for motivational and emotional activities

81
Q

Cranial Nervs

A

Have sensory and motor functions

82
Q

Reverse Cards

Eye morvements

A

III. Oculomotor

83
Q

Reverse Cards

Function: Receptive language, Long-term memory, emotion, Involves suditory cortex, hearing and speech

Damage: Problems with Auditory Perception, changes in sexuality, deficits in declarative memory (especially episodic), faulty judgement, impaired concentration and Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Temporal Lobes

84
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Functions w/i the brain include:
    • Mood control
    • regulation of sleep
    • sexual behavior
    • anxiety
    • pain perception
    • body temp
    • blood pressure
    • hormonal activity
  • Functions outside the brain
    • Effects gastrointensinal and cardiovascular systems
  • Located in midbrain and over the CNS
  • Decreased amounts in depression
  • Decreased amounts in anxiety
85
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  • Endocrine System
A

Nervous System - 3 Systems

86
Q

Reverse Cards

Electrical signals are converted to chemical signignals at the synapse

A

Neurotransmission at the synapse

87
Q

Reverse Cards

Function: Verbal, Logical

Damage: slow, cautious behavioral style

A

Left Hamisphere

88
Q

Reverse Cards

  • An elaborate signaling mechanism neurons have that is based on their selective permeability to certain ions and their flow through channels and pumps in the plasma membrain. Resting neurons have a negative membrain protential, caused by steady outflow of potassium ions and impermeability to sodium ions, and the action potential represents transient changes in this resting membrain potential.
A

Action Potential

89
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to another
  • Where neurotransmitters are released
  • Neurons communicate with eachother at the synapse electrical signals are changed to chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters, which diffuse across the synapse and become electrical sugnals one again upon reaching the neighboring neuron
    • neurotransmission at the synapse
90
Q

Reverse Cards

  • The outer layer of grey matter covering the entire surface of the cerebral hemisphere
  • Made of of euron and supporting cells (glial cells)
  • Functions to correlate information from many sources to maintain cognitive function (all aspects of perceiving, thinking and remembering)
A

Cerebral Cortex

91
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Nerves outside the skull and spine
    • Cranial Nerves; Spinal Nerves; Autonomic Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System
    • The PNS communicates sensory info to the CNS and then transmits commands from the CNS to the body
A

Peripheral Nervous System

92
Q

Reverse Cards

Concerned with perception

  • contain right portion of primary visual cortex crucial for perception of left visual field
  • neccessary for recognition of objects
  • visuospacial perception and orientation to space
A

Occipital - Right Hemisphere

93
Q

Reverse Cards

* Catecholamine

  • Modulates behavioral and physiological processes such as mood, arousal, sexual behavior
  • Decreased amounts on depression
  • Excessive amounts in schizophrenia
A

Norepinephrine (NE)

94
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Most important part of the nervous system
  • The basic unit of the nervous system, each has a cell body, dendrites and an axon
  • Specialized for the conduction and transmission of electrical sugnals
  • Neurons do not function in isolation; they are assembled into circuits that innervate the body to transimit sensory and motor signals to all aread of the body
  • The structure of neurons, including the axons and dendrites, help to form these circuits
95
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Serotonin
A

Most important neurotransmitters

96
Q

Reverse Cards

  • The openning of voltage-sensitive channels in the membrain allows sodium ions to move down the concentration gradient to enter the cell
  • This produces the rising phas of the action potential, and means that the membrain potential, and means that the membrain potential becomes positive for a short time
  • The falling phase of the action potential is caused by the subsequent closing of the sodium channels, which reduce the sodium influx, and by oppening the voltage-gated potassium channels which alows incereased influx of potassium ions from the cell, to restore the resting membrain potential
  • In most nerve cells, action potentials are followed by a transient hyperpolarization
  • During this time, the influx of pottasium ions from the cell is greater than during the resting state and, as a consequence, the membrain is hyperpolarized with respect to its normal resting value.
A

Action Potential Process

97
Q

Reverse Cards

Sensory and motor nerve for the tongue and pharynx/throat, taste

Injurred: impaired swollowing; resonance disorder

A

IX. Glossopharyngeal

98
Q

Reverse Cards

Function: Artistic and musical abilities

Damage: Quick, impulsive behavior style

A

Right Hempisphere

99
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Responsible for anxiety, emotion, and fear
  • Integrates and directs emotional behavior
  • Attaches meaning to sensory experiences
  • Mediates aggressive/defensive behavior
100
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Most commone inhibitory NT
  • controls anxiety
  • located in brain
  • Agonists such a Valium can act as tranquilizers, drugs that block this can start seixures
101
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Input zone
  • Specialized for receiving information and form synapitic contacts with the terminals of other nerve cells to allow nerve impulses to be trnasmitted
  • Receives info from other cells through dendrites
  • One of the extensions of the cell body that are receptive surfaces of the neuron
  • tree-like extensions
102
Q

Reverse Cards

Function: Language/verbal, speach and spelling and language comprihension and prodiction

Important in encoding information into memory, involved in spacial problem solving, task switching response production, and semantic processing of words, important for memory of verbal recency

Damage: pseudodepression apathy, lower verba outpu, lower emotional expression, and decreased sexual function

A

Frontal Lobe - Left Hemisphere

103
Q

Reverse Cards

Sense of vision

104
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Interacts with many body organs including the brain
  • Incoming sensory stimuli elicit nerve impulses that go to the several brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hypothalamus
  • If the stimulus requires action, energy is mobalized through hormonal routes (hypothalamus)
  • Many behaviors require eural and hormonal communication.
A

The Endocrine System

105
Q

Reverse Cards

Eye movements

A

IV. Trochlear

106
Q

Reverse Cards

  1. Resting Potential
  2. Depolarization - threshhold
  3. Action Potential
  4. Hyperpolorazation
  5. Resting Potential
A

Action Potential Stages

107
Q

Reverse Cards

Influence the body’s response to stress

A

Adrenal Glands

108
Q

Reverse Cards

For most types of axons, depolarization iniciateds the action potential and causes a transient change in the membrain that briefly switches its permeability from that allowing the passage of potassium ions to that allowing the passage of sodium ions.

A

Depolarization

109
Q

Reverse Cards

  • An excitatory neurotransmitter dound in the central nervous system
  • Generally concerned to be the most important neurotransmitter for normal brain function and it is estimated that over half of the neurons in the brain release glutamate
  • Precursor of gamma acid in the brain
  • Some receptors are associated with learning and memory; Glu - responsible for excitoxicity
    • prolomged depolarization kills cells
110
Q

Reverse Cards

  • A chemical messenger that enables neurons to pass signals to each other and thus allow the body to function properly
  • Electrical signals are converted to chemical signignals at the synapse (this is known as neurotransmission at the synapse)
  • they play an important role in the development of brain disorders and in their treatment
A

Neurotransmitters

111
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Allows communication between the right and left hemispheres
  • Involve in language learning
A

Corpus Callosum

112
Q

Reverse Cards

A biolelectrical signal (action potentil) is initiated at a synapse and travels along the axon to the axon terminal. Here the elsectical signal is converted to a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) that diffuses out of the neuron, across the synalse, to its neighboring neuron. at the postsynaptic neuron the chamical signial is converted back into and electrical signal once again. Together, these two signaling systems (action potentials and synapse signals) are the basis for all information processing capabilities in the brain.

A

Electrical vs. Chemical Signals

113
Q

Reverse Cards

Responds to exposure to light and regulates activity levels over the course of the day

A

Pineal Gland

114
Q

Reverse Cards

Sense of smell

A

I. Olfactory

115
Q

Reverse Cards

Concerned with perception

  • neccessary for recognition of objects and words
  • concernned with extraction of speech information from visual sources
  • contains left protions of primary visual cortex crutial for perception of right visal field
A

Occipital - Left Hemisphere

116
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Function to control
    • cognitive
    • sensory and motor
    • regulates temp, reproductive function, eating, sleeping and display of emotion
  • Largest protion of the brain
  • Consists of the cerebral hemisphere, the lymbic system, the thalamus and the corpus callosum
117
Q

Reverse Cards

Hormone that reduces concentration and leads to irritability when the thyroid is overactive, and can cause drowsiness and sluggish metabolism

A

Thyroid Gland

118
Q

Reverse Cards

  • The fatty insulation around the axon formed by glial cells, that improves speed of conduction of nerv impulses
  • Prevents sodium (K+) from leaking out of axon so membrane is depolarized quickly and action potential regenerates at nodes of renvier
  • In persons w/ MS, the mylelin becomes damaged or destroyed, and the impulse transmission is impaired.
119
Q

Reverse Cards

Controls vision

A

Occipital Lobes

120
Q

Reverse Cards

* Monoamine

  • Controls arounsal level
  • Located in CNS
  • Excessive amounts in schizophrenia
  • Decreased amounts in Parkinson’s
A

Dopamine (DA)

121
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Concentrates attention on adverse internal stimuli such as pain
  • Contains the feeling of self
  • Located in corpus callosum
A

Cingulate Gyrus

122
Q

Reverse Cards

Reproductive glands

123
Q

Reverse Cards

Increase number of receptors

A

Up-Regulation

124
Q

Reverse Cards

  • A membrane protein structure consisting of an electrical binding site for a neurotransmitter or hormone
  • Binding for a specific substance to the receptor results in a specific physiological effect
125
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Prefrontal
  • Cortex (STM)
  • Hippocampus (STM which leads to LTM)
  • Temporal Lobe (LTM)
  • Thalamus (spatial memory)
A

Brain structure involved in memory

126
Q

Reverse Cards

Function:

  • controls movement
  • motor coordination
  • posture and maintaining equalibrium
  • balance
  • muscle tone
  • learning motor slills
  • Walnut shaped structure situated at base of brain
A

Cerebellum

127
Q

Reverse Cards

Function: executive functioning, control of behvior, working memory functioning, facial motor and snesory functioning.

Ability to learn from experience (associative learning).

Has projections to amygdola and hypothalamus (cruicial for emotional functioning)

Resonpsible for self-awareness and autobiographical knowledge.

Implicated in spacially guided behavior.

A

Frontal Lobe - Bilateral Funnctions

128
Q

Reverse Cards

Movement of the neck and sholders

Injury: Impaired posture and neck tonicity

A

XI. Spinal Accessory

129
Q

Reverse Cards

Relays incoming information to the appropriate part of the brain for further processing

130
Q

Reverse Cards

Function: Nonverbal facial expressions and verbal and design fluency - retrieval of episodic information from memory.

Involved in auditory discrimination, self-paced response production, task-switching, semantic processing of words, and spacial problem solving

Damage: gross social dysfunctio, immature behavior, lack of social restraint, hyper-motor activity, and promiscuity

A

Frontal Lobe - Right Hemisphere

131
Q

Reverse Cards

Example: A stressful situation is percieved through neural sensory channels. Hormonal secretions then prepare the individual to respond with energy… Anxiety is a normal emotion under circumstances of threat. It is part of the evolutionary “fight or flight” survival reaction. The muscular movements are controlled neurally, while energy is mobalized hormonally.

A

Endocrine System: Many behaviors require neural and hormonal communication

132
Q

Reverse Cards

Controls blood pressure, regulates the smount of water in the body’s cells, Oxytocin triggers the action of other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary Gland

133
Q

Reverse Cards

Sensory and motor nerve for the internal body organs (heart, blood, vessels, etc) and for the larynx/pharnx

Injury: voice disorder

134
Q

Reverse Cards

chamical signal

A

Neurotransmitter

  • electrical signal
  • chamical signal
135
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Body homeistasis
  • Circadian rhythm
    • eating
    • drinking
    • sex
  • Translation of strong feeling into responses
    • Shallow breating; racing heart
  • Control of autonomic and endocrine system
  • It secretes corticotrophin releasing hormone, which helps to control the body’s metabolismby exerting an influence on the pituitary gland, and vasopressin, which is involved in the regulation of the sleep and wake states
A

Hypothalamus

136
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Inhibits innapropriate action
  • forms plans and concepts
  • helps focus attention
  • bestows meaning to perception
A

Prefrontal Cortex

137
Q

Reverse Cards

Function: Voluntary movement, thinking, feeling, concentration, reasoning, expressive language. Orientation to time, person, place

Damage: Impulsivity, Broca’s aphasia

A

Frontal Lobe

138
Q

Reverse Cards

electrical signal

A

Action Potential

  • electrical signal
  • chamical signal
139
Q

Reverse Cards

Functions: Receiving and processing touch/pressure, kinesthesia and pain; contains the primary somatosensory area that manages skin sensation; integrates sensory information

Damage: Unusual complex-sensory and mortor problems; Unaware or unconcerned about problems ; apraxia; face and tactile agnosia; problems describing visual/spacial information.

A

Parietal Lobe

140
Q

Reverse Cards

States that there is a decreased concentration of monoamines (epinephrine, norepinepherine, thyroid hormones, melatonin) in brains of people with depression. Although it’s now thought that in deprssion there may be an increrase in the overall number of postsynaptic receptors, rather than a decrease in the number of monamine moecules. This upregulation of receptors would result in an increased concentration of monamines being needed to produce a response.

A

Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression

141
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Caudate Nucleus
  • Cingulate Gyrus
  • Thalamus
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Amygdala
  • Hypothalamus
  • corpus Callosum
  • Hippocampus
A

Parts of the brain in the Limbic System

142
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Antidepresents may cause an increase in the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors, and that reduced concentration of neurotransmitter can produce a response that is closer to the norm
  • Another theory is that depression increases the sensitivity of presynaptic autoreceptors that moderate monamine release via a feedback mechanism. As a result, less of the neurotransmitter needs to be released before production is “switched off”
  • Some theories link depression to a lack of stimulation of the recipient neuron at the synapse. to stimulate the recipient cell, SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of seritonin. As a result, the serotonin stays in the synaptic gap longer than it normally would, and may be recognized again (and again) by the receptors of the recipient cell, stimulating it.
A

Alternative depression theories

143
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Part of the brain linked with impulsivity, which is correlated with the size of the caudate nucleus
  • Function:
    • involved in movement
    • emotions
    • planning and integrating sensory information
    • primary site of initiation of movement
A

Caudate Nucleus

144
Q

Reverse Cards

Decrease number of receptors

A

Down-regulation

145
Q

Reverse Cards

Movement of the tongue

Injury: articulation disorder

A

XII. Hypoglossal

146
Q

Reverse Cards

Sensory and motor nerve for the face/scalp amd movement of chewing

Injury - impaired jaw movements; impaired sensation of face

A

V. Trigeminal

147
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Important in the formatiomn of memories and other higher functions
  • Transfer from short-term memory to long-term memory
  • Found in the temporal lobe of the forebrain
A

Hippocampus

148
Q

Reverse Cards

  • hunger
  • thirst
  • emotions
  • rage
  • fear
  • pleasure
  • memory encoding
A

The Limbic System mediates

149
Q

Reverse Cards

Parts of the brain/hindbrain

  • Involved with
    • Sleep/wake cycle
    • arousal
    • information filtering
    • selective attention
A

Reticular Formation

150
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Regulates basic biological drives such as
    • hormonal level
    • sexual behavior
  • Controls autonomic functions such as
    • hunger
    • thirst
    • body temperature
A

Pituitary Gland

151
Q

Reverse Cards

Controls te level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagon

152
Q

Reverse Cards

Sensory nerves for taste of anterior 2/3 tongue and motor nerve for facial movements

Injury: impaired facial expression

A

VII. Facial

153
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Learning/memory
  • controls voluntary movement
  • REM sleep
  • sex

Located in PNS and brainstem

  • ACh loss found in Alzheimer’s
  • Interference with ACh impedes memories
A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

154
Q

Reverse Cards

Controls and ballances the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and tissue fluid

A

Parathyroid Gland

155
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Parathyroid Gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Pancreas
  • Pineal Gland
  • Putuitary Gland
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Gonads

Peter Threw Pan Pepperoni Pizza At George

A

Parts of Enocrine System

156
Q

Reverse Cards

Eye movements

A

VI. Abducens

157
Q

Reverse Cards

In the brain, messages are passed between two nerve cells via a synapse, a small gap betwen the cells. The cell that sends the information releases neurotransmitters (of which serotonin is one) into that gap. The neurotransmitters are then recognized by receptors on the surface of the recipient (postsynaptic), cell, which upon this stimulation, in turn, relays the signal. About 10% of the neurotransmitters are lost in this process; the other 90% are released from the receptors and taken up again by monoamine transporters in the sending (presynaptic) cell (a process called reuptake).

A

How does Neurotransmission occur?

158
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Conduction zone
  • A single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons
  • Carry info from the cell body toward the synapse

* Single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the elestrical impulse

  • Coverred in myelin
  • At the end of the axon, the nerve impulses are transmitted to other neurons or to effected organs
159
Q

Reverse Cards

Sense of hearing and ballance

Injury: Hearing/ballance disorder

A

VIII. Vestibularcochlear

160
Q

Reverse Cards

  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
A

Central Nervous System

161
Q

Reverse Cards

Critical for morning memories and experiencing pleasure, as well as for motivational and emotional activities

A

The Limbic System

162
Q

Reverse Cards

Have sensory and motor functions

A

Cranial Nervs

Physio/Psychopharm (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions