Physio Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
A DNA nucleotide specifically consists of
A
a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous gas, and a phosphate group
2
Q
A base is a proton
A
acceptor
3
Q
A class of lipids used as chemical messengers to signal cells to undergo changes is called?
A
Steroids
4
Q
A collection of cells that work together designates a(n)
A
Tissue
5
Q
A components of an important buffer in the human body is
A
HCO3
6
Q
A solution containing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions is
A
acidic
7
Q
According to the rules of complementary base pairing, a nucleotide containing the base cytosine would only pair with a nucleotide containing the base
A
guanine
8
Q
Adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain are held together by
A
peptide bonds
9
Q
An initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus in
A
positive feedback
10
Q
Chemical reactions that occur in the human body are catalyzed by special protein molecules called
A
Enzymes
11
Q
Contractile protein fibers of the heart are considered to belong to which level of organization?
A
Chemical
12
Q
Enzymes
A
Increase the rate of a reaction
13
Q
Identify the polysaccharide in the following list of molecules (sometimes called animal starch)
A
Glycogen
14
Q
If a substance resists changes in pH, either by removing or replacing hydrogen ions, is called?
A
A buffer
15
Q
In a molecule of hydrogen, a pair of electron is shared equally. Such a bond is called?
A
Nonpolar covalent bonds
16
Q
In dealing with physiology, function is related to
A
form
17
Q
Interactions between different globular or fibrous polypeptide chains result in which type of structure?
A
Quaternary
18
Q
Ions with positive charge are called?
A
Cations
19
Q
Protein synthesis takes place where?
A
On the ribosome
20
Q
Proteins are composed of units called?
A
Amino acids
21
Q
Substances dissolved in the liquid portion of a solution are called
A
Solutes
22
Q
Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the
A
Active sites
23
Q
The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of the (blank) structure of a protein
A
Secondary
24
Q
The heart, blood, and blood vessels combine to form?
A
An organ system
25
The increasingly forceful labor contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of which type of mechanism?
Positive feedback
26
The intercellular fluid inside a cell is known as
Cytosol
27
The molecule DNA contains unique five-carbon sugar (blank)
Deoxyribose
28
The molecule that an enzyme acts upon is known as its
Substrate
29
The most acidic solution would have a pH of
0
30
The most important energy-transferring compound in the cells is a nucleotide known as
Adenosine triphosphate aka ATP
31
The nucleotides in the backbone of DNA are held together by (blank) bonds
Phosphodiester
32
The phosphate "head" of a phospholipid is
both hydrophilic and polar
33
The prevention of change by ignoring minor variations and maintaining a normal range rather than fixed value is a characteristic of
Negative feedback
34
The smallest living things are
cells
35
The structure of collagen consists of
a braided triple helix
36
The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions with respect to the external environment is called
Homeostasis
37
The primary composition of organic compounds?
Carbon and hydrogen atoms
38
When an anion and a cation are electrically attracted to each other, (blank) is formed.
An ionic bond
39
Which bases below are purines?
1. Adensine
2. Cytosine
3. Guanine
4. Thymine
5. Uracil
1 and 3
Adensine
Guanine
40
Which of the following constitutes most of the total body weight in humans?
Water
41
Which of the following describes a mechanism that brings internal environment back to normal?
Negative feedback
42
Which is the following elements is found in ALL organic molecules?
Carbon
43
Which of the following is a primary protein structure?
a-helix (alpha)
44
Which of the following is a proton donor?
An acid
45
Which of the following is the simplest level of organization?
Chemical
46
Which of the following nitrogen bases is found in RNA but not DNA?
Uracil
47
Which of the following organic group does DNA belong to?
Nucleic acid
48
Which of the following organic groups does myoglobin belong to?
Protein
49
Which of the following processes is involved in the "central dogma" of genetics?
Transcription and translation
50
Which of the following terms is used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from it surrounding medium?
Plasma membrane
51
During continuous conduction
local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane.
52
Enzymes increase reaction rate by
lowering the activation energy of a reaction
53
Which of the following statements about the resting potential is TRUE?
It results, in part, from the concentration gradients for Na + and K +.
54
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
Acetylcholine
55
Cell membranes are said to be
selectively permeable
56
Water is a polar molecule, yet it easily moves through the nonpolar portions of cell membranes. Which transport process is responsible?
Simple diffusion
57
Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the soma are called?
Multipolar
58
Which of the following is a way for solutes in an aqueous solution to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration?
Only facilitated diffusion
59
The all-or-nothing principle states that
All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce action potentials of identical magnitude.
60
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the soma between them are called
Bipolar
61
Voltage-gated channels and antiport carriers are both types of
Transporters
62
The resting membrane potential results from
Uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+
63
Conduction occurs along the axon because
Inflow of Na+ triggers the adjacent channels to open
64
Sodium ions are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid. This is an example of
chemical disequilibrium
65
Chemical reactions in a living system function to
transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule.
66
Myelin is formed by
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
67
The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the
dendrites
68
Which of the following molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion?
(all the answers are correct)
69
The rising phase (depolarization) of the action potential is due to
Na+ flow in the cell only
70
Permeability is a property of
membranes
71
Most neurons in the brain are
multipolar
72
Which of the following is NOT involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron
resting membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions
73
Information coming into the central nervous system is transmitting along (blank) neurons
afferent and sensory
74
Conduction speed is (or can be) enhanced by
myelin and increasing the temperature
75
Which property of diffusion best helps explain the necessity of the circulatory system in multicellular organisms?
Diffusion is rapid over short distances but much slower over long distances
76
Bipolar neurons are commonly found
in the retina of the eye
77
The sodium-potassium exchange pump
(?)
78
When voltage-gates Na+ channels of a resting neuron open
Na+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes
79
When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium
there are equivalent amount of substrates and products
80
When a neuron changes its ion permeability from the resting state
only a variety of gated ion channels may open or close and Na+ channels may open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell
81
The falling phase (repolarization) of the action potential is due primarily to
K+ flow into the cell
82
The inside of a resting cell is slightly negative relative to the outside. This is an example of
electrical disequilibrium
83
The term secretion refers to
the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space for a particular use
84
All of the following are types of mediated transport except one. Identify the exception
Simple diffusion
85
Water will always move from (blank) areas to (blank) areas, if there are no impermeable barriers
Hyposmotic, hyperosmotic
86
Neurotransmitters are released from the
axon terminal
87
The ion that plays a key role in initiating electrical signals in neurons is
Na+
88
Activation energy is
the energy required to bring molecule into a position where they can interact
89
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are types
endocytosis
90
Which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to the outside?
Potassium
91
The means by which a cell transports large molecules out of the cell is called
exocytosis
92
Which of the following is a function of the efferent division pf the nervous system?
Seeing signals to muscles
93
Facilitated diffusion and active transport differ in that
ATP is necessary for active transport, but not for facilitated diffusion
94
The active sites of enzymes are
(?)
95
When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open
K+ leaves the neuron
96
Saltatory conduction
is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon
97
The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called (blank). The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a (blank).
Phosphorylation, kinase
98
The resting membrane potential in a typical nerve cell is approximately
-70mV
99
The term cellular (metabolic) energy indicates any biological process requiring
ATP
100
The term cellular (metabolic) energy indicates any biological process requiring
ATP
101
What are the two extracellular fluid compartments in the body?
Plasma and interstitial
102
Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K+, large anions, and proteins?
Intracellular fluid only
103
As the charge on the membrane of a typical cell approaches 0 from -70mV, the cell is?
Only depolarizing
104
Passive transport refers to a process that requires
no cellular energy
105
The general term that describes energy stored in chemical bonds is
potential energy
106
The concentration of calcium inside a cell is 0.3%. The concentration outside of the cell is 0.1%. How could the cell transport even more calcium to the inside?
Active transport
107
Hyposmotic solutions
Have lower concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions.
108
The cell membrance acts as a good
electrical insulator
109
Energy is defined as
The capacity to do work
110
Compared to the outside surface, the inside of the resting membrane is
negatively charged
111
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
Calcitonin
112
A primary target tissue for insulin is the
Liver only
113
Aldosterone
functions to increase sodium re-absorption
114
All of the following paired hormones have antagonistic effects EXCEPT
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
115
Before converting amino acids into intermediates for energy metabolism, the must first undergo
Deamination
116
CRH stimulates the release of
ACTH
117
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called (blank)
Hormones
118
Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of
Progesterone, aldosterone, and estradiol
119
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculatat of the adrenal cortex would result in
decreased ability to convert lipids to glucose
120
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?
Glucagon
121
During starvation
Gluconeogenesis accelerates
