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Physio > Physio Midterm > Flashcards

Physio Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

A DNA nucleotide specifically consists of

A

a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous gas, and a phosphate group

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2
Q

A base is a proton

A

acceptor

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3
Q

A class of lipids used as chemical messengers to signal cells to undergo changes is called?

A

Steroids

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4
Q

A collection of cells that work together designates a(n)

A

Tissue

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5
Q

A components of an important buffer in the human body is

A

HCO3

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6
Q

A solution containing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions is

A

acidic

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7
Q

According to the rules of complementary base pairing, a nucleotide containing the base cytosine would only pair with a nucleotide containing the base

A

guanine

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8
Q

Adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain are held together by

A

peptide bonds

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9
Q

An initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus in

A

positive feedback

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10
Q

Chemical reactions that occur in the human body are catalyzed by special protein molecules called

A

Enzymes

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11
Q

Contractile protein fibers of the heart are considered to belong to which level of organization?

A

Chemical

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12
Q

Enzymes

A

Increase the rate of a reaction

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13
Q

Identify the polysaccharide in the following list of molecules (sometimes called animal starch)

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

If a substance resists changes in pH, either by removing or replacing hydrogen ions, is called?

A

A buffer

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15
Q

In a molecule of hydrogen, a pair of electron is shared equally. Such a bond is called?

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds

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16
Q

In dealing with physiology, function is related to

A

form

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17
Q

Interactions between different globular or fibrous polypeptide chains result in which type of structure?

A

Quaternary

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18
Q

Ions with positive charge are called?

A

Cations

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19
Q

Protein synthesis takes place where?

A

On the ribosome

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20
Q

Proteins are composed of units called?

A

Amino acids

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21
Q

Substances dissolved in the liquid portion of a solution are called

A

Solutes

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22
Q

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the

A

Active sites

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23
Q

The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of the (blank) structure of a protein

A

Secondary

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24
Q

The heart, blood, and blood vessels combine to form?

A

An organ system

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25
Q

The increasingly forceful labor contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of which type of mechanism?

A

Positive feedback

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26
Q

The intercellular fluid inside a cell is known as

A

Cytosol

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27
Q

The molecule DNA contains unique five-carbon sugar (blank)

A

Deoxyribose

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28
Q

The molecule that an enzyme acts upon is known as its

A

Substrate

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29
Q

The most acidic solution would have a pH of

A

0

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30
Q

The most important energy-transferring compound in the cells is a nucleotide known as

A

Adenosine triphosphate aka ATP

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31
Q

The nucleotides in the backbone of DNA are held together by (blank) bonds

A

Phosphodiester

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32
Q

The phosphate “head” of a phospholipid is

A

both hydrophilic and polar

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33
Q

The prevention of change by ignoring minor variations and maintaining a normal range rather than fixed value is a characteristic of

A

Negative feedback

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34
Q

The smallest living things are

A

cells

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35
Q

The structure of collagen consists of

A

a braided triple helix

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36
Q

The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions with respect to the external environment is called

A

Homeostasis

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37
Q

The primary composition of organic compounds?

A

Carbon and hydrogen atoms

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38
Q

When an anion and a cation are electrically attracted to each other, (blank) is formed.

A

An ionic bond

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39
Q

Which bases below are purines?

  1. Adensine
  2. Cytosine
  3. Guanine
  4. Thymine
  5. Uracil
A

1 and 3
Adensine
Guanine

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40
Q

Which of the following constitutes most of the total body weight in humans?

A

Water

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41
Q

Which of the following describes a mechanism that brings internal environment back to normal?

A

Negative feedback

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42
Q

Which is the following elements is found in ALL organic molecules?

A

Carbon

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43
Q

Which of the following is a primary protein structure?

A

a-helix (alpha)

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44
Q

Which of the following is a proton donor?

A

An acid

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45
Q

Which of the following is the simplest level of organization?

A

Chemical

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46
Q

Which of the following nitrogen bases is found in RNA but not DNA?

A

Uracil

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47
Q

Which of the following organic group does DNA belong to?

A

Nucleic acid

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48
Q

Which of the following organic groups does myoglobin belong to?

A

Protein

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49
Q

Which of the following processes is involved in the “central dogma” of genetics?

A

Transcription and translation

50
Q

Which of the following terms is used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from it surrounding medium?

A

Plasma membrane

51
Q

During continuous conduction

A

local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane.

52
Q

Enzymes increase reaction rate by

A

lowering the activation energy of a reaction

53
Q

Which of the following statements about the resting potential is TRUE?

A

It results, in part, from the concentration gradients for Na + and K +.

54
Q

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

A

Acetylcholine

55
Q

Cell membranes are said to be

A

selectively permeable

56
Q

Water is a polar molecule, yet it easily moves through the nonpolar portions of cell membranes. Which transport process is responsible?

A

Simple diffusion

57
Q

Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the soma are called?

A

Multipolar

58
Q

Which of the following is a way for solutes in an aqueous solution to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration?

A

Only facilitated diffusion

59
Q

The all-or-nothing principle states that

A

All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce action potentials of identical magnitude.

60
Q

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the soma between them are called

A

Bipolar

61
Q

Voltage-gated channels and antiport carriers are both types of

A

Transporters

62
Q

The resting membrane potential results from

A

Uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+

63
Q

Conduction occurs along the axon because

A

Inflow of Na+ triggers the adjacent channels to open

64
Q

Sodium ions are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid. This is an example of

A

chemical disequilibrium

65
Q

Chemical reactions in a living system function to

A

transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule.

66
Q

Myelin is formed by

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

67
Q

The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the

A

dendrites

68
Q

Which of the following molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion?

A

(all the answers are correct)

69
Q

The rising phase (depolarization) of the action potential is due to

A

Na+ flow in the cell only

70
Q

Permeability is a property of

A

membranes

71
Q

Most neurons in the brain are

A

multipolar

72
Q

Which of the following is NOT involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron

A

resting membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

73
Q

Information coming into the central nervous system is transmitting along (blank) neurons

A

afferent and sensory

74
Q

Conduction speed is (or can be) enhanced by

A

myelin and increasing the temperature

75
Q

Which property of diffusion best helps explain the necessity of the circulatory system in multicellular organisms?

A

Diffusion is rapid over short distances but much slower over long distances

76
Q

Bipolar neurons are commonly found

A

in the retina of the eye

77
Q

The sodium-potassium exchange pump

A

(?)

78
Q

When voltage-gates Na+ channels of a resting neuron open

A

Na+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes

79
Q

When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium

A

there are equivalent amount of substrates and products

80
Q

When a neuron changes its ion permeability from the resting state

A

only a variety of gated ion channels may open or close and Na+ channels may open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell

81
Q

The falling phase (repolarization) of the action potential is due primarily to

A

K+ flow into the cell

82
Q

The inside of a resting cell is slightly negative relative to the outside. This is an example of

A

electrical disequilibrium

83
Q

The term secretion refers to

A

the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space for a particular use

84
Q

All of the following are types of mediated transport except one. Identify the exception

A

Simple diffusion

85
Q

Water will always move from (blank) areas to (blank) areas, if there are no impermeable barriers

A

Hyposmotic, hyperosmotic

86
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from the

A

axon terminal

87
Q

The ion that plays a key role in initiating electrical signals in neurons is

A

Na+

88
Q

Activation energy is

A

the energy required to bring molecule into a position where they can interact

89
Q

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are types

A

endocytosis

90
Q

Which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to the outside?

A

Potassium

91
Q

The means by which a cell transports large molecules out of the cell is called

A

exocytosis

92
Q

Which of the following is a function of the efferent division pf the nervous system?

A

Seeing signals to muscles

93
Q

Facilitated diffusion and active transport differ in that

A

ATP is necessary for active transport, but not for facilitated diffusion

94
Q

The active sites of enzymes are

A

(?)

95
Q

When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open

A

K+ leaves the neuron

96
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon

97
Q

The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called (blank). The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a (blank).

A

Phosphorylation, kinase

98
Q

The resting membrane potential in a typical nerve cell is approximately

A

-70mV

99
Q

The term cellular (metabolic) energy indicates any biological process requiring

A

ATP

100
Q

The term cellular (metabolic) energy indicates any biological process requiring

A

ATP

101
Q

What are the two extracellular fluid compartments in the body?

A

Plasma and interstitial

102
Q

Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K+, large anions, and proteins?

A

Intracellular fluid only

103
Q

As the charge on the membrane of a typical cell approaches 0 from -70mV, the cell is?

A

Only depolarizing

104
Q

Passive transport refers to a process that requires

A

no cellular energy

105
Q

The general term that describes energy stored in chemical bonds is

A

potential energy

106
Q

The concentration of calcium inside a cell is 0.3%. The concentration outside of the cell is 0.1%. How could the cell transport even more calcium to the inside?

A

Active transport

107
Q

Hyposmotic solutions

A

Have lower concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions.

108
Q

The cell membrance acts as a good

A

electrical insulator

109
Q

Energy is defined as

A

The capacity to do work

110
Q

Compared to the outside surface, the inside of the resting membrane is

A

negatively charged

111
Q

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

A

Calcitonin

112
Q

A primary target tissue for insulin is the

A

Liver only

113
Q

Aldosterone

A

functions to increase sodium re-absorption

114
Q

All of the following paired hormones have antagonistic effects EXCEPT

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

115
Q

Before converting amino acids into intermediates for energy metabolism, the must first undergo

A

Deamination

116
Q

CRH stimulates the release of

A

ACTH

117
Q

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called (blank)

A

Hormones

118
Q

Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of

A

Progesterone, aldosterone, and estradiol

119
Q

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculatat of the adrenal cortex would result in

A

decreased ability to convert lipids to glucose

120
Q

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

A

Glucagon

121
Q

During starvation

A

Gluconeogenesis accelerates

Physio (5 decks)

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