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Physiological Psychology > Physio Final > Flashcards

Physio Final Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor

A
  • A mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function
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2
Q

Tumors damage brain tissue by:

A
  • Compression
  • Infiltration
  • Malignant can compress and infiltrate
  • Benign tend to only compress
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3
Q

Primary Brain Tumors

A
  • Start in the CNS
  • Most commonly seen in those under 15 and above 65 y/o
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4
Q

Secondary Brain Tumors

A
  • Metastasize to brain
  • Most common brain metastases are from lung and breast cancer
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5
Q

Grading of CNS Tumors

A
  • Grade 1: low proliferative potential
  • Grade 2: Infiltrative, but low proliferative potential
  • Grade 3: Histological evidence of malignancy
  • Grade 4: Mitotically active, prone to necrosis, fatal outcomes
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6
Q

Gliomas

A
  • MOST common primary brain tumor type
  • Tumor of the glial cells
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7
Q

Astrocytoma

A
  • Tumor of the astrocytes
  • Can be low grade or high grade
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8
Q

Glioblastoma Multiforme

A
  • Grade 4 Astrocytoma
  • Most aggressive tumor form
  • Average survival rate from diagnoses approx. 2 years
  • Higher incidence in white individuals
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9
Q

Meningioma

A
  • Tumor of the meninges, usually benign and slow growing
  • Encapsulated
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10
Q

Main Brain Tumor Treatments

A
  • Surgical resection
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherapy
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11
Q

Seizure

A
  • A period of sudden, excessive activity of cerebral neurons
  • Can be partial/focal or generalized
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12
Q

Partial/Focal Types of Seizures

A
  • Simple partial: no major change in consciousness
  • Complex partial: cause of loss consciousness
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13
Q

Generalized Types of Seizures

A
  • Tonic-clonic (aka Grand Mal)
  • Absence (aka petit-mal)
  • Atonic
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14
Q

Tonic-Clonic/Grand Mal Seizures

A
  • Most severe form of seizure
  • include convulsions
  • Tonic phase: stiffening of muscles
  • Clonic phase: jerking or twitching
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15
Q

Typical Stages of Tonic-Clonic/Grand Mal Seizures

A
  • Aura stage
  • Tonic stage
  • Clonic stage
  • Postictal stage
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16
Q

Absence “Petit Mal” Seizures

A
  • Sudden lapse in consciousness
  • Staring blankly into space
  • Eyelid fluttering
  • Lip smacking
  • Involuntary hand movements
  • Lasts less than 15 seconds
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17
Q

Atonic Seizures

A
  • Aka “drop seizures”
  • Sudden loss of muscle control = collapse or fall
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18
Q

Seizure Challenges

A
  • 50% of those with seizure disorder show damage to the hippocampus
  • Falling
    -Drowning
    -Car accidents: unable to drive for 1 year post seizure
  • Pregnancy complications
  • Emotional health issues
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19
Q

Seizure First Aid

A
  • STAY (stay with the person until they are awake and alert after the seizure)
  • SAFE (keep the person safe)
  • SIDE (turn the person onto their side if they are not awake and aware)
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20
Q

When to Call 911 during a Seizure

A
  • Seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes
  • Person does not return to their usual state
  • Person is injured, pregnant, or sick
  • Repeated seizures
  • First time seizure
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Seizure occurs in water
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21
Q

Prion Disease

A
  • Occurs when prion protein, found throughout the body, begins folding into an abnormal three-dimensional shape
  • Damaged prion protein destroys brain cells, leading to a rapid decline in thinking and reasoning
  • AKA transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
22
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

A
  • “Mad Cow Disease” epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s
  • Can be sporadic or familial
  • Causes severe mental deterioration and dementia - 8 month average
23
Q

Kuru Disease

A
  • From eating contaminated human brain tissue
  • Traditional practice of Fore people of Papa New Guinea
  • 10-50 year incubation period
24
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • Caused by the degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons in the substantia nigra that send axon to the basal ganglia –> a deficiency of automatic, habitual motor responses
  • 95% of cases are sporadic
25
Q

Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms

A
  • Dystonia = rigidity –> cog wheel test
  • Bradykinesia and slowed reaction times = falls
  • Shuffling gait
  • Face masking
  • Tremors = pill rolling tremor (75%)
26
Q

Parkinson’s Disease Treatments

A
  • L-Dopa: time limited, side effects of hallucinations and delusions
  • Deprenyl: slows Parkinson’s progression
  • Intentional lesioning of the pathway
  • Deep Brain Stimulation
27
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • Inherited disease resulting in degeneration of the basal ganglia
  • Typical onset between 30-50
  • Results in: Chorea (involuntary jerking movements), Dystonia, Slurred speech and swallow difficulties
28
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A
  • Degenerative disorder that attacks spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons –> brain and muscle connection loss
  • Average onset late 50s
  • 10% inherited
29
Q

ALS Symptoms

A
  • Progressive weakness and muscular atrophy: eventual loss of speech, swallow with paralysis
  • Eye movements spared
  • Death typically caused by respiratory failure (typically within 24 months)
30
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A
  • An autoimmune demyelinating disease
  • At scattered locations within the CNS, the person’s immune system attacks myelin sheaths, leaving behind hard patches of debris called sclerotic plaques
  • onset late 20s to 30s
  • Damage occurs in white matter
31
Q

MS Risk Factors

A
  • Females > Males
  • Living far from the equator
  • Black or white race
  • Smoking
32
Q

MS Symptoms

A
  • Fatigue
  • Vision problems
  • Bladder/bowel dysfunction
  • Spasms
  • Slowed processing speeds
33
Q

Meningitis

A
  • Inflammation of the meninges caused by viruses or bacteria
34
Q

Meningitis Causes

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungus
  • Parasite
35
Q

Meningitis Symptoms

A
  • Stiff neck
  • Headache
  • AMS
36
Q

Meningitis Etiology

A
  • Spread of middle-ear infection to the brain
  • Head injury
  • Embolus that has dislodged from bacterial infection in the heart
  • IV drug use
37
Q

Dementia

A
  • Umbrella term for loss of memory and other thinking abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life
38
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
  • Beta amyloid is abnormal in Alzheimer’s
  • Treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs results in lower risk
39
Q

Vascular Dementia

A
  • Associated with brain damage due to ischemic injury, anoxia
  • Risk factors same as stroke
  • “Mini strokes” aka lacunar infarcts
  • typical age of onset 65
40
Q

Dementia with Lewy Body Disease

A
  • Characterized by the abnormal build up of alpha-synuclein proteins into masses i.e., lewy bodies
41
Q

Dementia with Lewy Body Disease Symptoms

A
  • Visual hallucinations (80% of individuals early on in condition)
  • Falls and dysautonomia
  • Movement issues
  • Sleep problems
  • Fluctuating cognition
  • Mood and behavior changes
42
Q

Frontotemporal Dementia

A
  • Umbrella term for a group of brain diseases known as frontotemporal lobar degeneration
  • Accumulation of Tau protein (overwhelms the brain and causes tissue death)
43
Q

3 Types of Frontotemporal Dementia

A
  • Behavioral Variant (most common)
  • Primary Progressive Aphasia
  • Movement disorders
44
Q

Schizophrenia Risk and Development

A
  • 46% concordance rate
  • 10x risk of African and Caribbean migrants
  • Men > Women
  • Mutation in 21 of the 23 chromosomes
  • Older paternal age
  • Atypical prenatal development
  • Poor social adjustment and academic performance
  • Deficient psychomotor functioning
45
Q

Schizophrenia Minor Physical Anomalies

A
  • High-steepled palate
  • Partial webbing of two middle toes
  • Especially wide or narrow-set eyes
46
Q

Schizophrenia Disease Burden

A
  • 20% Reduction in life expectancy
  • 40% of deaths attributable to suicide
47
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects: Extrapyramidal

A
  • Impairment in motor functions NOT related to the pyramids
  • Tardive dyskinesia
  • Akathisia
  • Pseudo-Parkinsonism
  • Acute dystonia
48
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects: Anti-cholinergic

A
  • Dry mouth
  • Urinary retention
  • Blurred vision
  • Constipation
49
Q

Antipsychotic Treatment resistant

A
  • Failing of at least 2 antipsychotic medication trials = Clozapine
50
Q

Depression Heritability

A
  • Families of persons with affective disorders are 10x more likely to develop MDD or Bipolar disorder
51
Q

Depression Neuropathology

A
  • Hedonic tone/responsiveness: trait or genetic predisposition underlying one’s baseline range and lifelong ability to feel pleasure
  • Dysfunction of mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways
  • Hippocampal neurogenesis

Physiological Psychology (4 decks)

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