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DDS Q1 Quizzes and Exams > Physio-Exam 1 > Flashcards

Physio-Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type(s) of molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane?

A

Small, neutral-polar

Small, lipid soluble

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2
Q

True/False, proteins can increase the permeability of a membrane?

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Where are the least body fluids found?

A

Lymph and transcellular

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4
Q

What kind of amino acid is an integral protein made of that transverses the cell membrane?

A

Non-polar

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5
Q

Is energy required for movement of large polar molecules from ECF to ICF?

A

Yes, energy is needed for vesicle formation and movement

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6
Q

What is selective uptake of large molecules called?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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7
Q

What is selective uptake of a multi-molecular particle called?

A

Phagocytosis

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8
Q

What is non-selective uptake of ECF called?

A

Pinocytosis

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9
Q

Why can glucose passively diffuse through a cell membrane?

A

It is relatively small

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10
Q

Where does inhibition of an action potential occur on a neuron?

A

Axon hillock

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11
Q

When an ion reaches its equilibrium potential what does it mean?

A

The net flux of the ion is zero

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12
Q

What are the purposes of exocytosis?

A
  1. Secrete large molecules (proteins and hormones)

2. Allows cell to add protein/carbs to the membrane

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13
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

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14
Q

How is hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure related?

A

If there is movement of water down its gradient due to an imbalance of solutes across a membrane impermeable to those solutes, water will increase on one side and decrease on the other. Osmotic pressure = the minimum hydrostatic pressure needed to make the net water flux zero

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15
Q

Define osmolarity?

A

Concentration of all dissociated particles. Examples:

  • -1 M CaCl2 = 3 osM CaCl2
  • -1 M NaCl = 2 osM NaCl
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16
Q

Define tonicity?

A

The effect a solution has on cell volume

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17
Q

What type of solutes contribute to osmotic pressure at steady state?

A

Membrane impermeable solutes (aka, osmotically active solutes)

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18
Q

How do kidneys help regulate osmolarity of the blood?

A

By manipulating the osmolarity of urine

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19
Q

What two forces move water in the body?

A

Osmotic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure

20
Q

How does secondary active transport work?

A

An ion gradient is generated by primary active transport, which is then used to drive secondary active transport.

21
Q

What is the function of the Sodium-Potassium ATPase pumps?

A
  • -Establishes Na+ and K+ concentration gradients across the plasma membrane of all cells, but is especially important for nerve and muscle cells
  • -Helps regulate cell volume
22
Q

What are the two mechanisms of secondary active transport?

A
  1. Symport (co-transport)

2. Antiport (counter transport)

23
Q

Is membrane potential present on all cells, and can all cells rapidly change membrane potential?

A

Yes, all cells have a membrane potential, BUT only EXCITABLE cells can rapidly change membrane potential

24
Q

Define potential as it applies to a membrane’s electrical potential?

A

Potentials are a measure of the size of the electrical forces inside the membrane pushing/pulling ions through the membrane

25
Q

Is potassium or sodium more permeable to the cell membrane at rest?

A

Potassium is MUCH more permeable

26
Q

What is the Nernst Eqn?

A

61*log(Co/Ci)

27
Q

What causes the net flux of a given ion to equal zero?

A

When the electrical gradient equals the concentration gradient

28
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for potassium?

A

-90mV

29
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for sodium?

A

+60mV

30
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for chloride?

A

-70mV

31
Q

Where do graded potentials happen?

A

Dendrites and cell body

32
Q

Where do graded potentials begin?

A

Dendrites

33
Q

What are the voltage-gated K+ channels doing at threshold?

A

Delayed opening is triggered at threshold

34
Q

When are K+ channels open?

A

From peak potential (+30 mV) until after hyper polarization (-80 mV)

35
Q

When are Na+ channels closed and not capable of opening?

A

During the absolute refractory period (+30 mV to -70 mV)

36
Q

Name the eight steps of an action potential:

A

1- Depolarizing/triggering event
2- Na+ channel opens
3- Na+ influx, depolarizing to +30 mV, K+ begins opening (but isn’t fully open until +30 mV)
4- Na+ inactivation gate closes and K+ opens
5- K+ eflux
6-Na+ inactivation gate opens, but activation gate closed (capable of opening)
7-Hyperpolarization
8-K+ channel closes and resting potential is reached

37
Q

What molecule in the body decreases current (flow of charges)?

A

Lipids

38
Q

What causes some potentials to be graded?

A 
Electrical resistance
Current loss (ions diffuse through membrane through leak channels)
39
Q

Can ions move through the membrane without channels?

A

NO, they require ion channels to traverse the membrane

40
Q

What is the acronym for the different categories of graded potentials, and what does it stand for?

A 
Post-synaptic potentials
Receptor potentials
End-plate potentials
Pacemaker potentials
Slow-wave potentials
41
Q

Where are slow-wave potentials found?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

42
Q

What direction(s) can a graded potential polarize, and how is this different from an action potential?

A

Depolarization OR Hyperpolarization

Action potentials always depolarize first and there is a reversal of charges

43
Q

Do graded potentials have a refractory period?

A

NO

44
Q

What exist at the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels

45
Q

Why does myelination increase conduction velocity?

A

There aren’t voltage channels where myelination exists, so current (movement of charge) is forced to flow within the ICF until it reaches Nodes of Ranvier

46
Q

Why isn’t the entire length of a neuron myelinated?

A

Because the ions would have to diffuse the entire length of the neuron, which would actually take much longer than have the Nodes of Ranvier

47
Q

What are gap junctions made of and how are gap junctions useful?

A
  • -Made from Connexons

- -Allows passage of ions and small molecules between cells VERY rapidly

DDS Q1 Quizzes and Exams (3 decks)

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