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Physio Exam 3 > Physio Acid-Base > Flashcards

Physio Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

**Acid = **

A

**Proton Donor **

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2
Q

**Acidosis = **

A

**a condition which causes an increase in [H+] **

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3
Q

** Acidemia=**

A

the presence of greater than normal [H+] in blood

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4
Q

Base=

A

**Proton Acceptor **

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5
Q

Alkalosis:

A

**a condition which causes a decrease in [H+] **

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6
Q

Alkalemia:

A

** the presence of less than normal [H+] in blood **

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7
Q

**Importance of maintaining acid-base balance? **

A

**protein structure (and, therefore, function) is dependent on prevailing [H+]. **

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8
Q

As a general rule, domestic animals can withstand proton concentrations that are between approximately __________ times the homeostatic normal [H+].

A

As a general rule, domestic animals can withstand proton concentrations that are between approximately 1/3 and 3 times the homeostatic normal [H+].

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9
Q

At equilibrium, the concentrations of water, proton and hydroxide are _________.

A

At equilibrium, the concentrations of water, proton and hydroxide are constant.

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10
Q

Since dissociation is so infrequent, we can treat [H2O] as a constant =

A

Since dissociation is so infrequent, we can treat [H2O] as a constant = **55.56 M **

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11
Q

[H+] in pure water =

A

[H+] in pure water = 10^-7 M

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12
Q

pH is defined as ____________where the unit of concentration is M;

A

pH is defined as –log10[H+] where the unit of concentration is M;

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13
Q

Pure water is considered ________, since the concentrations of H+ and OH- are equal.

A

Pure water is considered neutral, since the concentrations of H+ and OH- are equal.

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14
Q

an increase in [H+] is accompanied by a _________ in [OH-], and a __________ of the pH of the solution.

A

an increase in [H+] is accompanied by a decrease in [OH-], and a lowering of the pH of the solution.

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15
Q

Decrease in pH means the solution is more…..

A

acidic (increase in [H+])

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16
Q

A strong acid or base is one which…….

A

A strong acid or base is one which **readily dissociates **

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17
Q

Strong acids/bases exhibit high actual……

A

Strong acids/bases exhibit high actual acidity/alkalinity.

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18
Q

The ________________ of an acid or a base is expressed as its dissociation constant, Ka (i.e., the Keq of an acid/base).

A

The relative strength of an acid or a base is expressed as its dissociation constant, Ka (i.e., the Keq of an acid/base).

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19
Q

Which is the stronger acid- acetic or citric?

A

Citric!

Citic Acid has a higher dissociation constant so it would yield more proton.

more proton = stronger acid

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20
Q

Since strong acids are those which ________ readily, the ________ species is always present in greater concentration than the __________ species.

A

Since strong acids are those which ionize readily, the dissociated species is always present in greater concentration than the protonated species.

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21
Q

pK is a term which is commonly used only with _____acids

A

pK is a term which is commonly used only with weak acids

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22
Q

organisms are net producers of ______.

A

organisms are net producers of acid.

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23
Q

At ____, a weak acid is best able to resist changes

in pH in the face of addition or removal of H+ from solution, i.e., to buffer changes in [H+].

A

At pK, a weak acid is best able to resist changes

in pH in the face of addition or removal of H+ from solution, i.e., to buffer changes in [H+].

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24
Q

The reason why a buffer does its best buffering at its ____ is because it exists abundantly in both the protonated and dissociated forms.

A

The reason why a buffer does its best buffering at its pK is because it exists abundantly in both the protonated and dissociated forms.

**This permits it to donate significant amounts of H+ if [H+] decreases and titrate significant amounts of H+ if [H+] increases. **

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25
In general, buffers work well at pH values within\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of the pK. ## Footnote
In general, buffers work well at pH values within **1.0 pH unit** of the pK. ## Footnote
26
**Henderson-Hasselbalch equation ** ## Footnote
**pH = pK + log10 ([A-] /[HA]) **
27
## Footnote a buffer does its best buffering at its _____ and still does a reasonably good job (i.e., still possesses valuable “buffering power”) within _____ of its pK.
## Footnote a **buffer** does its best buffering at its pK and still does a reasonably good job (i.e., still possesses valuable “buffering power”) within **1 pH** of its pK.
28
•Too much or too little proton changes protein \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
•Too much or too little proton changes protein **structure**.
29
•Proteins that are _________ can’t do their jobs – enzymes, receptors, pumps, etc. can’t work.
•Proteins that are **denatured** can’t do their jobs – enzymes, receptors, pumps, etc. can’t work.
30
Remember: The difference between each pH unit is _______ of ten, not ______ of ten.
Remember: The difference between each pH unit is a **POWER** of ten, not **multiple** of ten.
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blood is more acidic than ___________ blood, because cells form CO2 and lactic acid. Venous blood picks up these waste products
**Venous** blood is more acidic than **arterial** blood, because cells form CO2 and lactic acid. Venous blood picks up these waste products
32
•Normal pH of circulating plasma =
•Normal pH of circulating plasma = **7.4**
33
•Animal is dead if: pH ≤ ____ and pH ≥ \_\_\_
•Animal is dead if: pH ≤ **6.9** and pH ≥ **7.9**
34
•We want plasma pH to be \_\_\_\_, even though we know arterial and venous blood vary a bit.
•We want plasma pH to be **7.4**, even though we know arterial and venous blood vary a bit.
35
•Plasma pH is not always 7.4 because cells are always making \_\_\_\_\_. Aerobic cells are always producing \_\_\_\_\_.
•Plasma pH is not always 7.4 because cells are always making **acid**. Aerobic cells are always producing **CO2**.
36
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- •CO2 reacts with water \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_in the body.
•CO2 reacts with water **EVERYWHERE** in the body.
37
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- •The more CO2 that’s put in water, the more _______ you get.
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- •The more CO2 that’s put in water, the more **proton** you get.
38
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- •Always remember: CO2 in aqueous solution is \_\_\_\_\_\_!
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- •Always remember: CO2 in aqueous solution is **an acid**!
39
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- •The _______ remove CO2 from plasma.
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- •The **lungs** remove CO2 from plasma.
40
Normal Values in Plasma! [HCO3-] = P CO2 =
Normal Values in Plasma! [HCO3-] = **24 mM/L** P CO2 = **40 mm Hg**
41
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 •Occurs in........
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 •Occurs in **cells, interstitium, cytoplasm of endothelial cells, plasma, and in RBCs**.
42
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 •This reaction can be catalyzed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 •This reaction can be catalyzed by **carbonic anhydrase**.
43
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 •This reaction occurs mostly in......
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 •This reaction occurs mostly in **RBCs! (because they have CA)**
44
CO2 Diffusion \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gradients keep CO2 moving.
CO2 Diffusion **•Partial pressure (PP)** gradients keep CO2 moving.
45
CO2 Diffusion •CO2 produced at ______ diffuses into ______ –PP higher in ______ and lower in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
CO2 Diffusion •CO2 produced at **tissues** diffuses into **plasma** –PP higher in **tissues** and lower in **plasma**
46
CO2 Diffusion •At the lungs, CO2 in plasma diffuses out –PP ______ in plasma and ______ in air
CO2 Diffusion •At the lungs, CO2 in plasma diffuses out –PP **higher** in plasma and **lower** in air
47
CO2 Diffusion •When CO2 goes out, the amount of H2CO3, H+, and HCO3- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
CO2 Diffusion •When CO2 goes out, the amount of H2CO3, H+, and HCO3- **DECREASES**.
48
CO2 Diffusion •We want to remove the ______ amount of CO2 that was added by the tissues.
CO2 Diffusion •We want to remove the **same amount** of CO2 that was added by the tissues.
49
Acidic Conditions •\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – CO2 can’t be exhaled, acidic plasma returns to body
Acidic Conditions •**Airway occlusion (banana in trachea)** – CO2 can’t be exhaled, acidic plasma returns to body
50
Acidic Conditions •\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of acidic compound
Acidic Conditions •**Injection** of acidic compound
51
Acidic Conditions •\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – production of ketoacids
Acidic Conditions •**Starvation** – production of ketoacids
52
Acidic Conditions •\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: •Glucose → 2 Lactic acid ↔ H+ + Lactate-
Acidic Conditions •**Anaerobic metabolism**: •Glucose → 2 Lactic acid ↔ H+ + Lactate-
53
Acidic Conditions •Remember: The whole body gets more ______ (even the brain).
Acidic Conditions •Remember: The whole body gets more **acidic** (even the brain).
54
Fixing Acidic Conditions •If airway occlusion is not the cause of the acidic condition, the lungs can compensate – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_gets rid of CO2. What is this process called?
Fixing Acidic Conditions * If airway occlusion is not the cause of the acidic condition, the lungs can compensate – **deeper more rapid breathing** gets rid of CO2 * This is **respiratory compensation** for excess acid being produced somewhere else.
55
Fixing Acidic Conditions •↓ CO2 = ? H+
Fixing Acidic Conditions •↓ CO2 = ↓ H+
56
Fixing Acidic Conditions •Can also get rid of proton by __________ it into urinary filtrate.
Fixing Acidic Conditions •Can also get rid of proton by **secreting** it into urinary filtrate.
57
Fixing Acidic Conditions •When a proton is S, a bicarb is \_\_\_
Fixing Acidic Conditions •When a proton is S, a bicarb is R.
58
Fixing Acidic Conditions •Kidneys can also manufacture more \_\_\_\_\_\_
Fixing Acidic Conditions •Kidneys can also manufacture more **bicarb**.
59
•When it comes to acid-base balance, we’re most concerned with the health of the ________ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
•When it comes to acid-base balance, we’re most concerned with the health of the **LUNGS** and the **KIDNEYS**.
60
Buffers •We want a buffer system to _______ protons if [proton] ↓, and to _______ proton if [proton] ↑.
Buffers •We want a buffer system to **donate** protons if [proton] ↓, and to **soak up** proton if [proton] ↑.
61
Buffers •Ideal buffer: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Buffers •Ideal buffer: **A proton acceptor and proton donor**
62
•Good buffers are......
•Good buffers are **weak acids or weak bases**.
63
What is the most important buffer in the intracellular compartment?
HPO4 2-
64
What is the second most important buffer in the intracellular compartment?
Protein
65
What is the least important buffer in the intracellular compartment?
HCO3-
66
What is the most important buffer in the interstitium?
HCO3-
67
What is the second most important buffer in the interstitium?
HPO4 2-
68
What is the least important buffer in the interstitium?
Protein
69
What is the most important buffer (and only significant buffer) in the CSF?
HCO3-
70
What is the most important buffer in filtrate?
HCO3-
71
What is the second most important buffer in filtrate?
HPO4 2-
72
What is the least important buffer in filtrate?
NH3
73
What is the most important buffer in Plasma?
HCO3-
74
What is the second most important buffer in plasma?
Protein
75
What is the least important buffer in plasma?
HPO4 2-
76
77
Hemoglobin •CO2 goes into RBCs because there’s a steep \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. H2CO3 dissociates.
Hemoglobin •CO2 goes into RBCs because there’s a steep **PP gradient**. H2CO3 dissociates.
78
•Hb- is a buffer to soak up \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
•Hb- is a buffer to soak up **proton**.
79
•RBCs are big bags of Hb, so Hb is the major protein ______ in RBCs.
•RBCs are big bags of Hb, so Hb is the major protein **buffer** in RBCs.
80
•Hemoglobin is the most important ________ buffer in blood.
•Hemoglobin is the most important **protein** buffer in blood.
81
Oxyhemoglobin =
Oxyhemoglobin= Oxygen bound to Hemoglobin
82
•Hb can only hold \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, not both.
•Hb can only hold **O2 or H+**, not both.
83
•At the lungs, Hb lets go of H+ explain how...
–H+ gets back together with HCO3- to make H2CO3 –H2CO3 turns back into CO2 and H2O –Now the CO2 can be exhaled. **•At the lungs, Hb is encouraged to let go of H+ by ↑ [O2].**
84
•The pK is the pH of a solution when an acid is one half _________ and one half \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
•The pK is the pH of a solution when an acid is one half **dissociated** and one half **protonated**.
85
•The pK is the pH at which a buffer is best able to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•The pK is the pH at which a buffer is best able to **buffer**.
86
Bicarb:CO2 Ratio •H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- has a pK = \_\_
Bicarb:CO2 Ratio •H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- has a **pK = 6.1**
87
Bicarb:CO2 Ratio •This buffer system defends pH of \_\_\_\_
Bicarb:CO2 Ratio •This buffer system defends **pH of 7.4**
88
Bicarb:CO2 Ratio •Bicarb is only there because CO2 is there. If HCO3- and CO2 were in _______ pH would be 6.1. So we know there’s a different ratio.
Bicarb:CO2 Ratio •Bicarb is only there because CO2 is there. If HCO3- and CO2 were in **equal amounts**, pH would be 6.1. So we know there’s a different ratio.
89
•Bicarb:CO2 ratio is \_\_\_\_
•Bicarb:CO2 ratio is **20:1**
90
•Kidneys maintain \_\_\_\_\_\_. Lungs maintain \_\_\_\_\_\_.
•Kidneys maintain **[HCO3-]**. Lungs maintain **[CO2]**.
91
What to know HH equation... Normally, [HCO3-] / (0.03) (PCO2) = 20 * •If it’s \> 20: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ conditions * If it’s \< 20: _______ condition
Normally, [HCO3-] / (0.03) (PCO2) = 20 * •If it’s \> 20: **Alkaline** conditions * If it’s \< 20: **Acidic** condition
92
Briefly Explain Metabolic Acidosis
–Bicarb/CO2 \< 20 –Due to something in the body adding too much proton or removing too much base
93
Briefly explain Respiratory Acidosis
–Bicarb/CO2 \< 20 –Due to problem in respiratory system (Ex: banana in trachea) –Inability to get rid of enough CO2
94
–The major cause of hypercapnea is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
–The major cause of hypercapnea is **hypoventilation**.
95
Briefly describe Metabolic Alkalosis
–Bicarb/CO2 \> 20 –Due to something in the body adding too much base or removing too much proton
96
Briefly describe Respiratory Alkalosis
–Bicarb/CO2 \> 20 –Getting rid of too much CO2 by respiration
97
–Hyperventilation is the most rapid way to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
–Hyperventilation is the most rapid way to **change pH**.
98
What will you see in plasma when •HCO3- and CO2 travel together.
–One goes ↑ or ↓ due to a problem, and the other also goes ↑ or ↓ in compensation
99
What will you see in plasma with a •Metabolic acid-base disorder:
–H+ goes in opposite direction of HCO3- and CO2
100
What will you see in plasma with •Respiratory acid-base disorder:
–H+, HCO3-, and CO2 all go in same direction
101
Describe •Metabolic acid-base disorder compensation
–Lungs step in to compensate –Acidosis – hyperventilation to get rid of CO2 to ↓[H+] –Alkalosis – hypoventilation to hold on to CO2 to ↑[H+]
102

Physio Exam 3 (1 decks)

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