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Physiology > Physio 8- 14 > Flashcards

Physio 8- 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for compliance ?

A

C= V/P

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2
Q

Equation for Cardiac output

A

CO=HR xSV

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3
Q

What is the equation for ejection fraction?

A

SV/ end diastolic volume

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4
Q

What is the normal percent for ejection fraction?

A

55-60%

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5
Q

Cardiac output based on ficks principle

A

body oxygen consumption/ Pul venous{O}- Pul arterial {O}

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6
Q

What are the ways of determining CO/

A

CO= SV X HR
MAP= CO x TPR
Ficks principle
CO= O consumption/ A-v difference

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7
Q

Pul venous is = to

A

systemic oxygen

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8
Q

Pul arterial = to

A

systemic mixed venous

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9
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output of pulmonary circulation

A

CO= PAP-LAP/ PR

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10
Q

What is the relationship between resistance and viscosity ?

A

greater the viscosity= increased resistance

decreased viscosity = decreased resistance

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11
Q

Mean pressure= diastolic + 1/4 pulse pressure is an index of ?

A

diastolic press is a better index of mean pressure

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12
Q

How do tissues control auto regulation?

A

change flow by changing resistance

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13
Q

What controls resting muscles ?

A

sympathetics

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14
Q

What controls exercise muscle ?

A

Vasodilatory metabolites

autoregulation

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15
Q

What is the equation of SV

A

EDV- ESV

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16
Q

What are the systolic disorders?

A

Aortic Stenosis

Mitral regurgitation

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17
Q

What are the diastolic disorder?

A

Aortic regurgitation

Mitral stenosis

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18
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation

A

Va=(Vt-Vd) x f

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19
Q

Equation for alveolar PCO2?

A

PACO2 Metabolic rate/alveolar ventilation

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20
Q

Alveolar gas equation?

A

PAO2= (Patm-47)FiO2-PaCO2

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21
Q

respiratory rate ratio?

A

CO2 produced/ O2 consumed

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22
Q

What are the oxygen hemoglobin binding site?

A

Hb 4 O2- 100mmHg –> 97 % saturated
Hb 3 O2- 40 mmHg–> 75% saturated
Hb 2 Os- 26mmHg –> 50% saturated
Hb 1 remains attached

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23
Q

How is hemoglobin unloaded

A

the plasma oxygen concentration needs to drop below t the set pressures

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24
Q

What shifts the oxygen dissociated curve to the right ?

A

decreased pH
increased PaCO2
increased 2,3 DPG
increased temperature

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25
What shifts the oxygen dissociated curve to the left?
increased pH decreased PaCO2 decreased 2,3 DPG decreased temperature
26
Filtration fraction
GFR/RPF
27
Filtered Load
Filtered load= GFR x Plasma concentration
28
Clearance equation
Urine concentration x urine flow / plasma concentration
29
Blood flow of kidney
= plasma flow/ 1-Hct
30
Secreted substances in the kidney are always have ....
greater clearance than GFR
31
Normal anion Gap HARD ASS
H=hyperalimentation A=Addisons disease R=Renal Tubular Acidosis D=Diarrhoea A=Acetazolamide S=Spiranolactone S=Saline Infusion
32
Increased anion gap Mudpiles
``` M=Methanol U=Uremia D=Diabetic ketoacidosis P=Propylene glycol I=Iron tables, Isoniazid L=Lactic acidosi E=Ethylene glycol S=Salicylates(late) ```
33
conn syndrome
hyperaldosteronemia
34
addison syndrome
hypoaldosteronemia
35
amylase breaks down what substance ?
carbohydrates
36
What is the purpose of gastrin ?
increase constriction of LES increase motility of stomach stimulate peptides
37
What does CCK do ?
causes contraction of gallbladder increases bile flow stimulates secretions from pancreas
38
Where is CCK released from and in response to?
released from I cells in the duodenum | in response to polypeptides & fatty acids
39
What does secretin do ?
increases HCO3 from the pancreas | decreases the motility and the secretion of the stomach
40
Where is secretin released and in response to?
released from duodenum | in response to stomach acid entering the duodenum
41
What is gastric inhibitory peptide
stimulates insulin release
42
Where is GIP released and in response to?
released in the duodenum | in response to fat & carbohydrates
43
What is the sequence of swelling ?
Relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter primary peristaltic wave relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter receptive relaxation
44
What is the defect of myenteric plexus
Achalasia
45
What are the cells of the stomach glands?
``` mucous neck cells parietal cells enterchromaffin like cells chief cells D cells ```
46
What does mucous neck cells secrete ?
mucus (protective lining) | bicarbonate
47
What does parietal cells secede?
Gastric acid | intrinsic factor
48
What does enterchromaffin like cells secrete ?
Histamine
49
What does peptic chief cells secrete ?
pepsinogen | gastric lipase
50
What does D cells secrete ?
somatostatin ( inhibit acid)
51
What do parietal cells need following a meal ?
CO2 --> H and release HCO3 back into the plasma
52
What does pepsionegen require to be functional ?
acidic environment
53
What other enzyme does gastric neck cells secrete ?
Ghrelin - stimulates appetite
54
What is the cephalic phase controlled by ?
sight , snell, taste, thought of food
55
When does the gastric phase begin?
food entering the mouth
56
When does the intestinal phase begin?
when chyme enters the duodenum
57
What decreases gherkin secretions?
Peptide YY from the intestine
58
What is the function of glucagon-like peptide-1 ?
secretes insulin | secreted by the L cells of the ilium and colon in response to chyme
59
The pancreatic enzyme are ..?
alpha amylase : CHO Lipase:TG to fats cholesterol esterase : cholesterol hydrolysis phospholipase A: cleaves fatty acids from phospholipids proteases: inactive trypsin
60
How is trypsin activated?
enterokinase/ enteropeptidase located in brush border
61
What is the function of c- peptide ?
marker for endogenous insulin secretion
62
What do alpha cells of the pancreas secrete ?
glucagon | located on the periphery
63
Where does glucagon have an affect?
Liver--> glycogenolysis , gluconeogenesis
64
What is Kallmann syndrome ( hypothalamic dysfunction)
embryologic defect of the migration of GnRH neurons
65
What is a pathway in which panhypopituitarism can occur?
Apoplexy--> cerebral hemorrhage-->panhypopitutarism--> decreased T (TSH) A ( ACTH) P (prolactin)
66
What is the factor defect in dwarfism ?
decreased GH & decreased IGF-1
67
What is the factor defect in Laron syndrome ?
Increased GH & decreased IGF-1
68
What terminates the growth period of long bones ?
Androgens & estrogen
69
What is the defect in Acromegaly?
Increased GH that cause increased IGF-1
70
What are the characteristics of acromegaly ?
enlarged hands enlarged skull protruding chin enlarged sell turcica
71
What is the short term regulator of blood pressure ?
ADH
72
What are the two forms of diabetes insidious ?
Nephrogenic | central
73
How can you tell the difference between nephrogenic & central diabetes insidious ?
Desmopressin
74
What is the characteristics of SIADH ?
increased ADH --> increased water loss | Atrial natriuretic peptide--> Na loss
75
What is the treatment for SIADH?
water restriction but not Na restriction
76
What are the layers of the adrenal gland
Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis Medulla
77
What do each layer of the adrenal gland secrete ?
Glomerulosa-aldosterone Fasciculata-cortisol Reticularis-androgens
78
What does the medulla secrete?
epinephrine
79
What is the cause of cushing syndrome ?
Glucocorticoids therapy that affect the pituitary gland
80
What is the cause of cushing disease?
secondary hypercorticolism at the pituitary | micro adenoma
81
Albright syndrome ?
pseudohypoparathyroidism | increased PTH but decreased Ca
82
What are the symptoms of albright syndrome?
short stature obese short digits 4 & 5 dimpling and loss of knuckles
83
What is the importance of thyroid hormone?
increase beta receptor in heart , skeletal muscle & adipose tissue increases metabolic rate converts carotene to vit A
84
Whys is it important to watch thyroid levels in pregnancy ?
b/c placental 5 monodeiodinase can prevent the crossing of thyroid hormones to the fetus thus decrease fetal brain development
85
What are the signs of a fetus that lacks thyroid hormones?
prolonged jaundice hoarse cry marked retardation of bone feeding problems
86
why do boys need estrogen ?
for maturation of sperm
87
What is the first change in the male during puberty?
growth of the testes
88
When do growth spurts occur ?
At the end of puberty
89
What is the first sign of female puberty?
Breast development | but growth spurt is the first thing in female puberty
90
What innervates erection, ejaculation, and emission?
erection- parasympathetic ejaculation- somatic emission- sympathetic

Physiology (2 decks)

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