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Physics > Physics Waves Topic > Flashcards

Physics Waves Topic Flashcards

1
Q

Waves may be either

The ripples on a water surface are an example of a

A

transverse or longitudinal.

transverse
wave.

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2
Q

Longitudinal waves show areas of:
Sound waves travelling through air are

A

compression and rarefaction.
longitudinal.

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3
Q

describe the difference between
longitudinal and transverse waves.

A

In transverse waves the oscillations are perpendicular (at 90 degrees) to the direction of energy transfer. For example a spring wiggled from side to side gives a transverse wave. In longitudinal waves, the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. If you push the end of a spring,you get a longitudinal wave.

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4
Q

Students should be able to describe evidence that, for both ripples
on a water surface and sound waves in air, it is the wave and not
the water or air itself that travels

A

Particles in the water move up and down as a wave passes- the particles are not carried to the shore. for sound waves, particles in the material through which the wave is travelling move backwards and forwards as the wave passes

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5
Q

Amplitude of a wave:

A

the maximum displacement of a point on the wave from its undisturbed postion

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6
Q

The wavelength:

A

is the distance from a point on one wave
to the equivalent point on the adjacent wave

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7
Q

a period

A

The period of a wave is defined as the time it takes for one complete cycle of the wave (one wavelength) to pass a given point. .

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8
Q

Frequency

A

the number of waves passing a point
each second.

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9
Q

Period equation
frequency in

A

1/frequency
hertz

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10
Q

The wave speed is

A

the speed at which the energy is transferred (or
the wave moves) through the medium.

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11
Q

wave speed equation with units of measurement

A

wave speed = frequency × wavelength
v = f λ
wave speed, v, in metres per second, m/s
frequency, f, in hertz, Hz
wavelength, λ, in metres, m

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12
Q
  • describe a method to measure the speed of sound waves in
    air
A

By attaching a signal generator to a speaker you can generate sounds with a specific frequency . You can use two microphones and an oscilloscope to find the wavelength of the sound waves generated
1. Set up the oscilloscope so the detected waves at each microphone are shown as separate waves
2. Start with both microphones next to the speaker, then slowly move one away until the two waves are aligned on display, but have moved exactly one wavelength apart
3. Measure the distance between the microphones to find one wavelength
4. You can then use the formula v = f λ
to find the speed (v) of the sound waves passing through air- the frequency (f) is whatever you set the signal generator to (around 1 Khz is sensible)

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13
Q

describe a method to measure the speed of ripples on a water
surface.

A

Using a signal generator attached to the dipper of a ripple tank, you can create water waves at a set frequency
1) Dim the lights and turn on the lamp- you’ll see a wave pattern made by the shadows of the wave crests on the screen below the tank
2) The distance between each shadow line is equal to one wavelength. Measure the distance between the shadow lines that are 10 wavelengths apart, then divide this distance by 10 to find the average wavelength. This is a suitable method for measuring small wavelengths
3) If you’re struggling to measure the distance, you could take a photo of the shadows and ruler, you find the wavelength from the photo instead
4) Use v = f λ to calculate the speed of waves
5) This set-up is suitable for investigating waves, because it allows you to measure the wavelength without disturbing the waves

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14
Q

Waves can be reflected at the

A

boundary between two different materials

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15
Q

Waves can be absorbed or

A

transmitted at the boundary between two different materials

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16
Q

Reflection

A

When a wave encounters a material interface, some or all of the wave energy can bounce back into the original medium. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence, following the law of reflection. Reflection is responsible for phenomena like echoes and the visibility of images in mirrors.

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17
Q

Transmission

A

Some of the wave energy can pass through the material interface and continue propagating in the new medium. The amount of energy transmitted depends on the properties of the materials involved and the angle of incidence. Transmission is essential for phenomena like light passing through glass or sound traveling through walls.

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18
Q

Absorption:

A

When waves interact with a material interface, some of the wave energy can be absorbed by the material and converted into other forms of energy, such as heat. The amount of absorption depends on the properties of the materials involved and the frequency of the waves. Absorption plays a role in phenomena like the warming of the Earth’s surface by sunlight or the conversion of sound waves into heat in a room.

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19
Q

In experiments that use rays of light it is best to do these experiments in —————
why?

A

a dim room
clearly see paths of the rays of light

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20
Q

What is the advantage of using a ray box or laser to produce thin rays of light?

The boundaries between different substances refract light by ——————–
You can investigate this by looking at how much light is ———- when it passes from air into ————- materials

A

so you can trace the paths of the rays more accurately meaning more exact angle measurements

different amounts
refracted
different

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21
Q

Explain the experiment steps for using transparent materials to investigate refraction:

A

1) Place a transparent rectangular block on a piece of paper and trace around it. Use a ray box or a laser to shine a ray of light at the middle of one side of the block
2) Trace the incident ray and mark where the light ray emerges on the other side of the block. Remove the block and, with a straight line, join up the incident ray and the emerging point to show the path of the refracted ray through the block
3) Draw the normal at the point where the light ray entered the block. Use a protractor to measure the angle between the incident ray and the normal ( angle of incidence) and the angle between the refracted ray and the normal(the angle of refraction)
4) Repeat this experiment using rectangular blocks made from different materials

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22
Q

You should find that the angle of refraction changes for different materials this difference is due to their

How light reflects depends on the ———- of the surface

A

optical densities

smoothness

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23
Q

Describe an experiment that allows you to compare how different surfaces reflect light:

A

1) Take a piece of paper and draw a straight line across it Place an object so one of its sides lines up with this line
2) Shine a ray of light at the object’s surface and trace the incoming and reflected light beams
3) Draw the normal at the point where the ray hits the object. Use a protractor to measure the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection and record these values in a table. Also make a note of the width and brightness of the reflected light ray
4) Repeat the experiment for a range of objects

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24
Q

smooth surfaces like mirrors give ——– reflections where :

Rough surfaces like paper cause —— reflection which cause the reflected beam to be ———————–(or not ———- at all)

The angle of incidence always EQUALS the angle of

A

clear
the reflected ray is as thin and bright as the incident ray
diffuse
wider and dimmer
observable

reflection

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25
Q

why is it good to repeat experiments:

Having repeated results will make these mistakes :

A

you could have set up the experiment wrong
or read the wrong number off the protractor

easy to spot

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26
Q

Sound waves can travel through solids causing

Within the ear, sound waves cause the ear drum and other parts to ———–which causes the———————-
The conversion of
sound waves to vibrations of solids works over a —————–
This restricts the limits of———-

A

vibrations in the
solid.

vibrate
sensation of the sound
limited frequency range
human hearing

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27
Q

Explain how sound waves travel through the ear

A

Sound waves that reach the eardrum cause the eardrum to .The vibrations of the eardrum are then transmitted to the tiny bones in the middle ear, known as the ossicles, through thr semi circular canal and to the cochlea which further amplify the vibrations The cochlea turns these vibrations into electrical signals which get sent to your brain and allow you to sense sound

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28
Q

Students should know that the range of normal human hearing is
from

A

20 Hz to 20 kHz.

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29
Q

Sound waves are caused by :
These vibrations are passed through the surrounding medium as a series of :
sound is a what wave:
sound generally travels faster in solids than in ——- and faster in liquids than in ——-
When a sound wave travels through a solid it does so by:

A

vibrating objects
compression and rarefactions
longitudinal
liquids
gase
causing the particles to vibrate

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30
Q

When a sound wave hits a solid object :

A

the air particles hitting the object causes the particles in the solid to move back and forth (vibrate) these particles hit the next particles in line and so on passing the sound wave through the object as a series of vibrations

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31
Q

hard flat surfaces will ———- sound waves. Echoes are just—————Sound waves will also refract as they enter —————
As they enter denser material, they ————–. This is because when a wave travels into a different meduim its ——— changes but its ——— remains the same so its ———- must also change

A

reflect
reflected sound waves
different media
speed up
wavelength
frequency
speed

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32
Q

Ultra sound is sound with frequencies higher than:

A

20,000 Hz

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33
Q

How things like ultrasound that are high frequencies get produced ?

A

electrical devices can be made which produce electrical oscillations of any frequency. These can easily be converted into mechanical vibrations to produce sound waves.

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34
Q

How does ultrasound work?

A

ultra sound waves get partially reflected at boundaries. When a wave passes from one meduim to another some of the wave is reflected off the boundary between the two media, and some is transmitted (and refracted). This is partial reflection.

What this means is that you can point a pulse of ultrasound at an object, and wherever there are boundaries between one substance and another, some of the ultrasound gets reflected back.

The time it takes for the reflections to reach a detector can be used to measure how far away the boundary is.

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35
Q

Ultra sound waves can ————- the body, but whenever they reach a boundary between two different media (like fluid in the womb and skin of the foetus) some of the wave is ——————- and ——————
The exact timing and distribution of these ———– are processed by a computer to produce a video image of the foetus.
No one knows for sure if ultrasound is ———- in all cases
but it is used because ——- would be too dangerous

A

pass through
reflected back
detected

echoes

safe
x-rays

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36
Q

Ultra sound can also be used to:

and in to image other parts of the body without the risks of radiation

A

find flaws in objects such as pipes or materials such as wood or metal.

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37
Q

Ultra sound waves entering a material will usually be reflected by the :
however if there is a :
then:

A

far side of the material
flaw such as a crack inside the object the wave will be reflected sooner

38
Q

Seismic waves are produced by: P-waves are—————– waves. P-waves travel at different speeds
through —– and ——–. S-waves are ——- seismic waves.
S-waves cannot travel through a ——–. P-waves and S-waves
provide evidence for the :

A

earthquakes
longitudinal, seismic
solids
liquids
transverse
liquid
structure and size of the Earth’s core.

39
Q

Echo sounding, using:
is used to

A

high frequency sound waves
detect objects in deep water and measure water depth.

40
Q

Electromagnetic waves are

A

transverse waves that transfer energy
from the source of the waves to an absorber.

41
Q

Electromagnetic waves form a :
and all

A

a continuous spectrum and all types of
electromagnetic wave travel at the same velocity through a vacuum or air

42
Q

The waves that form the electromagnetic spectrum are grouped in
terms of their:
Going from :
The groups are:

A

wavelength and frequency
long to short wavelength (or from low to high frequency) the groups are:
radio, microwave, infrared, visible light (red to violet), ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays

43
Q

Our eyes only detect:
and so detect a

A

visible light
limited range of EM spectrum

44
Q

Students should be able to give examples that illustrate the transfer
of energy by electromagnetic waves

A

Sunlight: The Sun emits electromagnetic waves, including visible light, which carries energy to Earth. This energy is essential for photosynthesis in plants and provides warmth on our planet.

Microwave ovens: Microwave ovens use electromagnetic waves in the microwave frequency range to transfer energy to water molecules in food. This causes the molecules to vibrate and generate heat, cooking the food.

Radio waves: Radio waves are used to transfer energy in the form of information from radio stations to radios. The electromagnetic waves carry signals that are converted back into sound waves, allowing us to listen to music or news broadcasts.

45
Q

Explain how different substances may absorb, transmit, refract or
reflect electromagnetic waves in ways that vary with wavelength.

A

Absorption: Some materials absorb certain wavelengths of electromagnetic waves while reflecting or transmitting others. For instance, plants absorb visible light for photosynthesis, while materials like glass can absorb and transmit certain wavelengths of light.

Transmission: Transparent materials like glass or water allow certain wavelengths of electromagnetic waves, such as visible light, to pass through with minimal absorption or reflection.

Refraction: When electromagnetic waves pass from one medium to another, such as from air to glass, their speed and direction can change, causing the waves to bend. This phenomenon is known as refraction and is commonly observed when light passes through lenses.

Reflection: Surfaces can reflect electromagnetic waves, bouncing them off in different directions. For example, mirrors reflect visible light, while metals can reflect radio waves.

46
Q

Convex Lens Ray Diagrams instructions

A
  1. Start by drawing a ray going from the top of the object through the centre of the lens. This ray will continue to travel in a straight line
    2.Next draw a ray going from the top of the object, travelling parallel to the axis to the lens. When this ray emerges from the lens it will travel directly through the principal focus f
  2. The image is the line drawn from the axis to the point where the above two rays meet
47
Q

If the object is placed closer to the lens than the ————then a virtual image will be formed and the converging lens ray diagram will be drawn in the following way:

A

Focal point
you use the normal method but continue the lines backwards that is where the lines will cross

48
Q

explain refraction in terms of the change of speed that happens when a wave travels from one medium to a different medium.

A

Wave front diagrams are indeed useful for explaining phenomena like refraction, where waves change speed as they move from one medium to another. When a wave transitions between different mediums with varying densities or properties, such as air to water, the change in speed causes the wave fronts to bend. This bending of wave fronts is what we observe as refraction.

49
Q

Investigating Emission required practical steps give an example of how to manage risk

A

1) Place an empty Leslie cube on a heat proof mat
2) Boil water in a kettle and fill the Leslie cube with boiling tube
3) Wait for the cube to warm up, then hold a thermometer against each of the four vertical faces of the cube. You should find that all four faces are the same temperature
4) Hold an infared detector a set distance (e.g 10cm) away from one of the cube’s vertical faces, and record the amount of IR radiation it detects
5) Repeat this measurement for each of the cube’s vertical faces. Make sure you position the detector at the same distance from the cube each time.
6) You should find that you detect more infrared radiation from the black surface than the white one, and more from the matt surfaces than the shiny ones
7) As always you should do this experiment more than once, to make sure your results are repeatable
8) It’s important to be careful when you’re doing this experiment. Don’t try to move the cube when it’s full of boiling water- you might burn your hands. And take care if you’re carrying a full kettle too

Manage risk: make sure your equipment has cooled down properly before handling it and be careful when pouring hot water.

50
Q

A real image is formed when

A

light rays converge (come together) at a
point. It can be projected onto a screen because the light actually
passes through the image location.

51
Q

A virtual image is formed when

A

light rays appear to diverge (spread
out) but appear to come from a specific point. It cannot be projected
onto a screen because the light doesn’t actually come from the image
location. It uses virtual rays which are shown as dotted lines.

52
Q

Radio waves can be produced by

A

oscillation in electrical circuits

53
Q

When radio waves are absorbed they may create an alternating current with the same ———————-as the radio wave itself,so radio waves can themselves induce :

A

frequency
oscillations in an electrical
circuit.

54
Q

Changes in atoms and the nuclei of atoms can result in:
Gamma rays originate from changes in the:

A

electromagnetic waves being generated or absorbed over a wide frequency range
nucleus of an atom.

55
Q

Ultraviolet waves, X-rays and gamma rays can have——–
effects on human body tissue. The effects depend on the type of:
. Radiation dose (in ——-) is a
measure of the risk of harm resulting from an exposure of the body
to the radiation

A

hazardous
radiation and the size of the dose
sieverts

56
Q

1000 millisieverts (mSv) =

A

1 sievert

57
Q

Ultraviolet waves can cause:
. X-rays and gamma rays are ———-
radiation that can cause the:

A

skin to age prematurely and increase
the risk of skin cancer
ionising
mutation of genes and cancer.

58
Q

Electromagnetic waves have many practical applications. For example:
* radio waves –
* microwaves –
* infrared –
* visible light –
* ultraviolet –
* X-rays and gamma rays –
give brief explanations why
explain why each type of electromagnetic wave is suitable for the practical
application.

A
  • radio waves – television and radio
    Suitability: Radio waves have long wavelengths that allow them to travel long distances and penetrate obstacles. This makes them ideal for broadcasting television and radio signals over large areas without significant signal loss.
  • microwaves – satellite communications, cooking food
    Suitability: Microwaves have shorter wavelengths than radio waves and can carry large amounts of information. This property makes them well-suited for satellite communications where data needs to be transmitted over long distances. In cooking, microwaves are absorbed by water molecules in food, causing them to vibrate and generate heat, making them efficient for cooking food quickly.
  • infrared – electrical heaters, cooking food, infrared cameras
    Suitability: Infrared waves have longer wavelengths than visible light and are commonly used in electrical heaters for space heating. In cooking, infrared radiation can penetrate the surface of food, heating it from the inside out. Infrared cameras detect heat emitted by objects, making them useful in night vision and thermal imaging applications
  • visible light – fibre optic communications
    Suitability: Visible light has a narrow range of wavelengths that can be easily guided through optical fibers without significant loss. This property makes visible light ideal for fiber optic communications, where data is transmitted as pulses of light through thin glass fibers.
  • ultraviolet – energy efficient lamps, sun tanning
    Suitability: Ultraviolet waves have higher energy than visible light and are used in energy-efficient lamps like UV LEDs. In sun tanning, controlled exposure to ultraviolet light stimulates the production of melanin in the skin, leading to a tan.
  • X-rays and gamma rays – medical imaging and treatments.
    Suitability: X-rays and gamma rays have high energy and can penetrate through soft tissues and bones. This property makes them valuable in medical imaging for visualizing internal structures and in treatments like radiotherapy for targeting and destroying cancer cells
59
Q

A lens forms an image by————– In a convex lens,——————————————————————————————————————. The
distance from the lens to the principal focus is called the ———–. Ray diagrams are used to show the formation of images by ————————————

A

refracting light.
parallel rays of light are brought to a focus at the principal focus
focal length
convex and concave lenses.

60
Q

The image produced by a convex lens can be —————–
The image produced by a concave lens is always ——-

A

either real or virtual
virtual

61
Q

magnification =
Magnification is a ratio and so has no :

Image height and object height should both be measured in either:

A

image height
———————- lol
object height

units

mm or cm.

62
Q

Each colour within the visible light spectrum has its own

A

narrow
band of wavelength and frequency

63
Q

Reflection from a smooth surface in a single direction is called ———- reflection. Reflection from a rough surface causes ———- this is called ——— reflection.

A

specular
scattering
diffuse

64
Q

Colour filters work by

A

absorbing certain wavelengths (and colour)
and transmitting other wavelengths (and colour).

65
Q

The colour of an opaque object is determined by which :
Wavelengths that are not reflected are ———-. If all wavelengths are reflected equally the
object appears ——–. If all wavelengths are absorbed the objects
appears ———

A

wavelengths of light are more strongly reflected
absorbed
white
black

66
Q

Objects that transmit light are either

A

transparent or translucent.

67
Q

opaque objects are objects that :

A

do not transmit light

68
Q

the colour of opaque objects depends on:

A

which wavelengths of light are most strongly reflected

69
Q

for opaque objects that aren’t a primary colour they may be:

A

reflecting either the wavelengths of light corresponding to that colour or the wavelengths of the primary colours that mix together to make that colour

70
Q

colour filters are transparent objects that

A

absorb most wavelengths of light and just let some through

71
Q

colours filters are used to

A

filter out different wavelengths of light so that only certain colours are transmitted the rest are absorbed

72
Q

a primary colour filter only transmits that

A

colour

73
Q

All bodies (objects), no matter what temperature, emit and absorb —————. The ——- the body, the more ————- it
radiates in a given time.

A

infrared radiation
hotter
infrared radiation

74
Q

A perfect black body is an object that :
. A black body does not —— or ——– any
radiation. Since a good absorber is also a————— a perfect
a black body would be the best possible—–.

A

absorbs all of the radiation incident on it
reflect
transmit
good emitter,
emitter.

75
Q
  • that all bodies (objects) emit:
    that the intensity and wavelength distribution of any emission depends on the:
A

radiation
temp of the body

76
Q

A body at constant temperature is ———– radiation at the same rate as it is emitting radiation. The temperature of a body
———- when the body absorbs radiation faster than it emits
radiation.

A

absorbing
increases

77
Q

The temperature of the Earth depends on many factors
including:

A

the rates of absorption and emission of radiation,
reflection of radiation into space

78
Q

1 MHz =

A

0.01 Hz

79
Q

Describe what happens in the electrical circuit when the car aerial absorbs radio waves

A

ac current is induced in the electrical circuit

80
Q

Give two ways in which radio waves are different to sound waves

A

transverse
travel at a higher speed
don’t need a meduim

81
Q

a red filter is placed in front of a spotlight the spotlight is directed at a blue object
Explain why the blue object appears black
(3 marker)

A

only red is transmitted by the filter
red is absorbed by the object
no light is reflected by the object

82
Q

how to calculate the uncertainty

A

calculate the mean
take away the mean from the highest result

83
Q

A pupil investigates the properties of sound.
Describe
what they will discover about how sound travels.

A

Sound is a longitudinal wave (1)
Sound travels better through solids (1)
Sound occurs due to particles vibrating (1)
Sound waves have compressions (1)
Sound waves have rarefactions (1)
Sound waves need a medium to travel through, they can not travel in a vacuum (1)
Any other reasonable answer (1)

84
Q

describe how the image formed by an eye is different to the image formed in a mirror

A

The image formed by an eye is:

Real; [1 mark]
Inverted / upside down; [1 mark]
OR

The image formed in a mirror is:

Virtual; [1 mark]
Upright; [1 mark]
[Total: 2 marks]

85
Q

what two factors determine the focal length of a lens:

A

Any two from:

The refractive index of the lens
The material of which the lens is made from
Curvature / radius of curvature of the sides
Shape of the lens

86
Q

describe a method that a student could follow to find out angles of refraction and incidence

A

*   place a glass block on a piece of paper
*   draw around the glass block
*   use the ray box to shine a ray of light through the glass block
*   mark the ray of light entering the glass block
*   mark the ray of light emerging from the glass block
*   join the points to show the path of the complete ray through the block
*   and draw a normal line at 90 degrees to the surface
*   use a protractor to measure the angle of incidence
*   use a protractor to measure the angle of refraction
*   use a ray box to shine a ray of light at a range of different angles (of incidence)
*   increase the angle of incidence in 10 degree intervals
*   from an angle of incidence of 10 degrees to an angle of incidence of 70
degrees.

87
Q

going from radio waves to gamma in the EM spectrum the frequency ———– and the wave speed in air ————–

A

increases
stays the same

88
Q

Explain how a moving-coil microphone works

A

sound (waves) cause the diaphragm to vibrate
diaphragm moves is insufficient
1
the diaphragm causes the coil / wire to vibrate
do not accept moves the coil / wire up and down
if m.p.1 and m.p.2 do not score, allow sound (waves)
cause the coil / wire to vibrate for 1 mark
1
the coil / wire moves through the magnetic field
or
the coil / wire cuts magnetic field lines
1
a potential difference is induced (across the ends of the coil / wire)

89
Q

explain how the properties of x-rays make them suitable for the medical imaging of bones
(2 marker)

A

(b)  pass through soft tissue
allow penetrate for pass through
allow skin/muscle/etc… for soft tissue
pass through tissue is insufficient
1
(but) absorbed by bone
allow do not pass through bone
do not accept reflected by bone

90
Q

explain why using a wide ray would give less accurate results than using a narrower ray:

A

it is harder to judge where the centre of a wider ray is
1
causing a larger uncertainty (in the measurements)
allow increasing random errors (in the measurement

91
Q

What are the advantages of taking more measurements in a experiment :

A

to reduce the effect of random errors

92
Q

Explain how the teacher could determine the speed of wave without measuring the frequency

A

measure the distance travelled by a wave using a metre rule
allow measure the length of the (ripple) tank using a
metre rule
1
measure the time taken (for the wave to travel the measured distance) with a timer /
stopwatch
1
divide the distance by the time
dependant on scoring the first two mark points

Physics (6 decks)

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