Physics Test 2 Flashcards
Get 100% On Test
The tendency of a liquid to rise in a tube
Capillarity
A curved surface formed inside a capillary tube
Meniscus
What forms a concave meniscus?
Water
What forms a convex meniscus?
Mercury
What are three forces that contribute to the rise or fall of water in a capillary tube
Adhesion
Cohesion
Atmospheric Pressure
The study of liquids at rest
Hydrostatics
Any push or pull on an object
Force
Force is measured in what?
Newtons
What is 1kg times m/s squared?
Newton
Force exerted by a liquid is always __________ to the surface
Normal (Perpendicular)
The amount of force brought to bear on a unit area of surface
Pressure
Pressure is measured in what?
Pascals
What is 1kg/ m times s squared
Pascal
What is the accepted value of gravity
9.80 m/s squared
What is the equation for the law of liquid pressure
P=pgh (relates to depth)
What is the equation for force
F=AP or F=A(pgh)
What happens when a tank has multiple openings
The bottom opening (orifice) has the greatest pressure.
The top orifice has the least pressure.
The middle orifice propels farthest from the tank.
What is the distance below the highest level of water in a closed system
Water Head
States that pressure applied to any surface of a confined liquid is transmitted equally in every direction throughout the liquid
Pascal’s Principle
Uses confined liquid to multiply force
Hydraulic device
States that the buoyant force acting on a body submerged in a liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by that body
Archimedes’ Principle
The difference between the downward force and upward force of a submerged item
Buoyant force
The study of liquids in motion
Hydrodynamics
A liquid’s resistance to flow due to intermolecular attraction to itself
Viscosity
States that flow rate and viscosity are inversely related
Principle of Viscosity
The formation of tiny vapor bubbles within a moving liquid
Cavitation
Three characteristics of an ideal liquid
Nonviscous
Incompressible
Uniform in density
an ideal liquid’s tendency to flow in straight lines without resistance
Laminar flow
The swirl produced in a pipe due to the liquid’s friction between itself and the pipe
Eddy Currents
Measures the total volume of a liquid flowing past a point in one second
Volume Flow Rate
States that the volume flow rate at any two points in a pipe must be constant regardless of the pipe’s diameter. (A1 V1 = A2 V2)
Principle of Continuity
The relationship between lateral pressure and velocity squared of a moving liquid inversely related
Bernoulli’s Principle
When velocity of a moving liquid increases, the lateral pressure __________
Decreases
When velocity of a moving liquid decreases, the lateral pressure __________
Increases
The most abundant element in the earth’s atmosphere
Nitrogen
The second most abundant element in the earth’s atmosphere
Oxygen
The bombardment of air molecules continually hitting each other
Air Pressure
What are two thing that affect air pressure
The quantity of air that is present
The temperature of air
The total absence of air
Vacuum
Caused by the weight of atmospheric air molecules
Atmospheric pressure
Any substance capable of flowing
Fluids
Two examples of fluids
Liquids
Gases- differs from the ideal liquid in that they are compressible
What are laws and principles that do not apply to gases
Law of liquid pressure
Pascal’s Principle
Principle of continuity
What are laws and principles that DO apply to gases?
Archimedes’ Principle
Bernoulli’s Principle
The false idea around for over 2,000 years that a vacuum is impossible to create because nature immediately fills an empty space with the nearest matter it can find
Horror Vacui
The atmosphere can only support a maximum height of what?
33.9 ft
Created the first vacuum in a barometer
Evangelista Toricelli
Discovered that atmospheric pressure and pressure upon a liquid are equal
Blaise Pascal
What is standard atmospheric pressure
1 atm = 76 cm Hg (Mercury)
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 1.013x10 to the 5th Pa
An apparatus designed to measure the pressure of a gas by using mercury
Manometer
What is the difference between the gauge pressure and 1 atm
Absolute Pressure
What are the characteristics of an aneroid barometer
Less sensitive that a mercury barometer
More Portable
Unaffected by orientation
What states that, at constant temperature, the volume of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure
Boyle’s Law
What is the equation for Boyle’s Law
P1V1 = P2V2
What states that, at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature
Charles’ Law
What is the equation for Charles’ Law
V1/T1 = V2/T2
The lowest temperature at which matter can exist
Absolute Zero (0 degrees or -273.15 degrees C)
Temperature expressed in Kelvin
Absolute Temperature
A combination of Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law
Combined Gas Law (P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2)
States that, at the same temperature and pressure, two gases of the same volume have the same number of molecules
Avogadro’s Law
What is equal to 6.022x10 to the 23rd molecules
1 mole
What is the equation for the Ideal Gas Law
PV = nRT where “R” is the universal gas constant
Any device that transports air or that is driven by air pressure
Pneumatic Device
Fluid that is caught up and carried along by another fluid stream nearby
Entrained
What are the characteristics of Pump Potentials
Draw water or air out of a container
Compress water or air in a container
A simple device for transferring liquid from a higher container to a lower container
Siphon
How does a siphon work?
A siphon tube connecting higher and lower tanks of liquid. When a partial vacuum is created in the tube, the liquid is pushed by atmospheric pressure from the higher tank into the tube and then pulled by gravity into the lower tank
What has a definite shape and volume and its atoms vibrate in place
Solid
What is the ability of a solid to recover its shape after being deformed by an external force
Elasticity
The tendency of a solid to resist flexing or deforming
Rigidity
The amount of deformation required to bring a material to its elastic limit
Resilience
The point past which a material will not recover its original shape
Elastic Limit
The maximum of relative deformation that may be permanently imposed upon a solid
Plasticity
The mechanical working process when metal is squeezed or pounded with great force
Forging
The mechanical working process when metal is pressed down by a series or paired heavy roller into a continuous sheet
Rolling
The property of metals that allows them to be drawn into wire
Ductility
Solids tend to hold their shape because of their strong__________between particles
Cohesion
The deformative tensile force per unit cross-sectional area
Stress
The relative amount of deformation from the original length/shape
Strain (Strain = Diff/Orig)
Stress is _____________to strain
Directly Proportional
The amount of tensile force required per unit area to double a solid’s length
Young’s Modulus (F/A = Y(change in l/L0
Solids that break suddenly under a load instead of deforming first
Brittle
The distance of separation where two particles of a solid neither attract nor repel
Equilibrium
the combination of two oppositely directed forces along parallel lines of action
Shear
The stress that causes bulk deformation
Volume Stress
