Physics Summary Flashcards
How do you calculate speed from a distance speed time graph?
Speed =speed/time
The gradient is change in distance (vertical axis) divided by the change in time (horizontal axis)
Important notes about distance time graphs.
Gradient =speed
Flat sections is where it’s stationary
Straight uphill or downhill sections means traveling at steady speed.
The steeper the graph the faster it’s going.
Downhill sections means it is returning to its starting point.
Curves represent accelerating or deceleration.
A steeping curve means its speeding up (increasing gradient)
A levelling off curve means it’s slowing down (decreasing gradient)
Important things about velocity time graphs
Gradient =acceleration
Flat sections represent steady speed.
The steeper the graph the greater the acceleration or deceleration.
Uphill sections (/) are acceleration
Downhill sections () are deceleration.
The area under any section of the graph (or all of it) is equal to distance traveled in that time interval.
A curve means changing acceleration.
Calculating acceleration velocity and alfi stance from a velocity time graph
Acceleration =gradient =vertical change/horizontal change
The velocity at any point is simply found by reading the value off the velocity axis.
The distance traveled in any time interval is equal to the area under the graph.
Calculating speed from a distance time graph
Calculating speed from a distance time graph -it’s just the gradient
Speed =gradient =vertical /horizontal
What is the difference between speed and velocity.
Speed is just how fast you’re going (e.g 30mph or 20m/s) with no regard for direction.
Velocity however must also have the direction specified e.g 30mph North or 20m/s, 060 degrees
Explain the difference between mass and weight?
Mass is just the amount of stuff in an object. Kg
Weight is caused by the pull of gravitational force. Neutons
What is terminal velocity?
When an object reaches it’s maximum speed.
It depends on their shape and area.
What are two different parts of the overall stopping distance of a car?
Thinking and Braking distances.
What is the formula that relates to the force on a spring and it’s extension?
F = K x e Force = spring constant(N per metre) x Extension.
What is the advantage of using regenerative braking systems?
Slow the car down quicker.
Converts kinetic energy into electric energy using the motor.
Stored as chemical energy in the motor’s battery.
Explain how seat belts, crumple zones, side impact bars and air bags are useful in a crash.
Crumple zones increase the impact time, decreasing the force produced by the change in momentum - at the front and the back of the car crumple up at impact.
Side impact bars are strong metal tubes fitted into car door panels. They direct the kinetic energy of the crash away from the passengers to other areas of the car such as crumple zones.
Seat belts stretch slightly, increasing the time taken for the wearer to stop. This reduces the forces acting on the chest. Some of the kinetic energy of the wearer is absorbed by the seat belt stretching.
Air bags slow you down gradually and prevent you from hitting hard surfaces in the car.
What causes the build up of static electricity? Which particles move when static builds up?
It is caused by friction when insulating materials are rubbed together. They leave a positive static charge on one, and a negative static charge on the other.
Only electrons move, never the positive charges.
Explain how resistance of a component changes with it’s temperature and turns of ions and electrons.
The greater the resistance across a component the smaller the current that flows. A higher temperature gives the ions more energy making the electrons flow slower as it’s harder to get through.
Give three applications of LEDs.
Lights, digital clock, remotes.
Describe how the resistance of an LDR are varies with light intensity. Give and application of an LDR.
An LDR is a resistor that is dependent on the intensity of light.
In bright light resistance falls
In darkness the resistance is highest
They have lots of applications including automatic night lights, outdoor lighting and burglar detectors.
Name three wires in a three core cable.
Earth =yellow and green
Live=brown
Neutral = blue
Three pin plug
Neutral on left bottom
Live bottom right
Earth is Middle
Explain fully have a fuse and an earth wire work together.
Earthing and fuses preventelectrical overloads.
If there is a fault and the livewire touches the metal case the earth wire carries the XS charge to prevent electrocution.
A surgeon current melts the fuse or trips the circuit breaker in the live wire when the amount of current is greater than the fuse rating. This cuts off the life supply and breaks the circuit.
Isolates the whole appliance make it impossible to get an electric shock.
How dose an RCCB stop you from getting electrocuted?
Residual current circuit breakers. The text the difference in current and cuts of the power by opening the switch. Operates faster than fuses which makes them safer. Work for small current changes that might not be large enough to melt a fuse and this means that they are more effective at protecting against electrocution.
