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Physics Repeats > Physics (Rules & formulae) R#3 > Flashcards

Physics (Rules & formulae) R#3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for density?

A

Density = mass / volume

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2
Q

What is the formula for speed?

A

Speed = distance / time

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3
Q

What is the formula for weight?

A

Weight = mass x gravity

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4
Q

What is the formula for acceleration?

A

Acceleration = (final velocity – initial velocity) / time

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5
Q

What are the two formulas for pressure?

A
  1. Pressure (in solids) = Force / Area
  2. Pressure (in liquids) = Rho (density) x gravity x depth
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6
Q

What is the formula that links force, mass, and acceleration?

A

Force = mass x acceleration

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7
Q

What is the formula for moment?

A

Moment = Force x perpendicular distance from pivot

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8
Q

What is the formula for spring constant (K)?

A

Spring constant (K) = Force / Extension

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9
Q

What is the formula for work?

A

Work = Force x distance

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10
Q

What is the formula for gravitational potential energy (GPE)?

A

GPE = mass x gravity x height

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11
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy (KE)?

A

KE = (½ mass) x velocity²

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12
Q

What are the 4 formulas given for power? (mechanical)

A
  • Power = Work / time
  • Power = Energy / time
  • Power = (Force x distance) / time
  • Power = Force x Velocity
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13
Q

What is the formula for momentum?

A

Momentum = mass x Velocity

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14
Q

How is change in momentum expressed when the directions are the same?

A

Change in momentum = mass x (final – initial velocity)

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15
Q

How is change in momentum expressed when the directions are different?

A

Change in momentum = mass x (final + initial velocity)

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16
Q

What is the impulse formula (with notation)?

A

Impulse = Force x time

(I = ΔP)

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17
Q

What is another way to express change in momentum?

A

Change in momentum = Force x time

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18
Q

What is the formula for energy in terms of heat?

A

Energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature
  

(Unit note: Q unit: J, c unit: J/kg°C)

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19
Q

How is wavelength defined?

A

Wavelength = Total distance / Number of waves

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20
Q

How is frequency calculated?

A

Frequency = Number of waves / Total time 

(Unit: Hz)

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21
Q

How is frequency related to wave speed and wavelength?

A

Frequency = Wave speed / Wavelength

(Unit: Hz)

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22
Q

What are the two formulas for periodic time?

A
  • Periodic Time = 1 / Frequency
  • Periodic Time = Total time / Number of waves
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23
Q

How is wave speed determined?

A

Wave speed = Wavelength / Periodic time

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24
Q

What is the formula for the speed of sound in an echo?

A

Speed of sound in echo = 2 x distance travelled / Total time

(d > 17m)

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25
What is the refractive index for light going from a lower density medium (air) to a higher density medium?
Refractive index = Sine of angle of incidence / Sine of angle of reflection | (Unitless | Air to Medium)
26
What is the refractive index for light going from a higher density medium to a lower density medium (air)?
Refractive index = Sine of angle of reflection / Sine of angle of incidence | (Unitless | Medium to Air)
27
How is the sine of the critical angle expressed?
Sine of critical angle = 1 / Refractive index of medium | Higher density medium to a lower density medium (air)
28
How can refractive index be expressed using the speed of light?
Refractive index = Speed of light in air / Speed of light in medium | (Unitless)
29
What is the formula for current?
Current = Charge / time | (Q unit: Coulomb (C) / I unit: Amperes (A))
30
What are the formulas for voltage?
* Voltage = Work / Charge * Voltage = Energy / Charge | (Q unit: Coulomb (C) / V unit: Volts (V))
31
How do you calculate the gradient of a line?
Gradient = (y₂ – y₁) / (x₂ – x₁)
32
How is acceleration determined from a speed-time graph?
Acceleration = slope/gradient of the speed-time graph
33
How is the total distance in a speed-time graph found?
Total distance = area under the graph
34
How is **total pressure** at a point inside a liquid calculated?
Total pressure = atmospheric pressure + pressure due to liquid
35
What are the two conditions for equilibrium, rest, or balance?
1. **No resultant force acts on the object:** Force (Up) = Force (Down) and Force (Right) = Force (Left) 1. **No resultant turning effect:** Total moment clockwise = total moment anticlockwise
36
How is extension defined?
Extension = Final length – Original length
37
How are gravitational potential energy (GPE) and kinetic energy (KE) related when there is no air resistance?
GPE at max height = KE just before touching ground
38
What does the law of conservation of energy state?
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred from one form to another **OR** Total energy = constant
39
How is resistance calculated according to Ohm’s law?
Resistance = Voltage / Current | (R unit: Ohms (Ω))
40
How is resistance calculated using the resistivity constant?
Resistance = (Rho [resistivity constant] x length of wire) / Cross-sectional area of wire | (R unit: Ohms (Ω) / L & A unit: m)
41
What is the formula for electrical energy?
Electrical energy = Current x Voltage x time
42
What are the 3 formulas for power in an electrical circuit?
* Power = Current x Voltage * Power = Current² x Resistance * Power = Voltage² x Resistance
43
How are GPE and KE related when there is air resistance and initial energy?
GPE at max height + Initial energy = KE before touching ground + Energy lost
44
How is efficiency calculated using work done and input energy?
Efficiency (%) = (work done / input energy) x 100
45
How is efficiency calculated using useful output energy?
Efficiency (%) = (useful output energy / input energy) x 100
46
How is efficiency calculated using useful output power?
Efficiency (%) = (useful output power / input power) x 100
47
What does the law of conservation of momentum state?
Total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision
48
What is the formula for an elastic collision and its key property?
* m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂u₂ * There is no energy lost
49
What is the formula for a perfect inelastic collision and what are the two key properties?
* m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = V(m₁ + m₂) * There is energy lost due to collision * The colliding objects **join together**
50
What is Boyle’s Law at constant temperature?
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
51
What is the law regarding the angle of incidence and reflection?
Angle of Incidence = Angle of refelection
52
Under what condition will a wave diffract when passing through a gap?
If the wavelength of a wave passing through a gap is greater than the gap then it will diffract
53
For water wavefronts, what happens when a wave goes from deep to shallow water? (3 points)
1. It bends towards the normal 2. Wavelength and speed decrease 3. Frequency remains the same
54
For water wavefronts, what happens when a wave goes from shallow to deep water? (3 points)
1. It bends away from the norma 2. Wavelength and speed increase 3. Frequency remains the same
55
For light waves, what happens when light goes from air to a medium? (3 points)
1. It bends towards the normal 2. Wavelength and speed decrease 3. Frequency remains the same
56
For light waves, what happens when light goes from a medium to air? (3 points)
1. It bends away from the normal 2. Wavelength and speed increase 3. Frequency remains the same
57
In a mirrored object, what is the relationship between object and image distances?
Distance between object and mirror = distance between mirror and image ## Footnote Used to draw mirrored objects quickly in exam
58
For wires made of the same material with **given diameters**, how is the ratio of resistances calculated?
R₁/R₂ = (l₁/l₂) × (d₂²/d₁²)
59
For wires made of the same material with **given cross-sectional areas**, how is the ratio of resistances calculated?
R₁/R₂ = (l₁/l₂) × (A₂/A₁)
60
How do you get the direction of the magnetic field from a wire?
Use the **right hand rule for a wire**: * Thumb: direction of current * Curl: shows the magnetic field
61
How do you get the direction of the magnetic field from a coil?
Use the **right hand rule for a coil**: * Thumb: direction of N-pole * Curl: shows the direction of current
62
How do you determine the direction of magnetic force (motion) of a wire?
Use **Fleming’s left hand rule**: * Thumb: direction of magnetic force (motion) * Index finger: direction of the magnetic field from the magnet (north → south) * Second finger: direction of current
63
How do you determine the direction of **induced current** in a wire?
Use **Fleming’s right hand rule**: * Thumb: direction of motion * Index finger: direction of the magnetic field from the magnet (north → south) * Second finger: direction of induced current

Physics Repeats (4 decks)

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