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Physics > Physics Paper 1 GCSE > Flashcards

Physics Paper 1 GCSE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a system?

A

an object or group of objects

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2
Q

How can you calculate kinetic energy?

A

0.5 x mass x (speed)2

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3
Q

How can you calculate amount of elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring?

A

0.5 x spring constant x (extension)2

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4
Q

How do you calculate gravitational potential energy?

A

mass x gravitational field strength x heaight

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5
Q

How do we calculate change in thermal energy?

A

mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change

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6
Q

What is the specific heat capacity of a substance?

A

amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree celsius

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7
Q

What is power?

A

rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done

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8
Q

How can you calculate power?

A

energy transferred/timer

work done/ time

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9
Q

What is an energy transfer of 1 joule per second equal to?

A

power of 1 watt

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10
Q

How can energy be used?

A

transferred usefully, store or disspated

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11
Q

What can energy not be?

A

created or destoyed

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12
Q

The higher the thermal conductivity of a material the higher the rate of…

A

energy transfer by conduction across the material

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13
Q

How do we calculate efficiency?

A

useful output/total input

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14
Q

What are the main energy resources available of earth?

A 
fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas)
nuclear fuel
bio fuel
wind 
hydroelectricity
sun
water waves
geothermal
tides
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15
Q

What is a renewable energy resource?

A

One that is being replenished as it is used

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16
Q

What is a step up transformer used for?

A

increasing the voltage to several hundred thousand volts
reduce current and reduces energy lost by heating the wires
increase potential diffeence

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17
Q

What does a step down transformer do?

A

Reduce voltage down to several hundred volts to a safe level

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18
Q

What does the national grid consist of?

A

a system of transformers and high voltage cables

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19
Q

What is the big problem getting energy to homes?

A

Energy is always lost in the power cables. The bigger the distance between the power station and the homes the greater energy loss

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20
Q

Why do they increase the voltage to a high number in the step up transformer?

A

less energy is lost in the power cables at high voltage then at low voltages

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21
Q

What must a closed circuit include to allow an electrical charge to flow through it?

A

source of potential difference

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22
Q

What is the size of the electric current?

A

Rate of flow of electrical charge

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23
Q

How do you calculate charge flow?

A

current x time

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24
Q

What is the symbol for charge flow?

A

coulombs

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25
Q

What does the current through a component depend on?

A

resistance of the component and potential difference across the component

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26
Q

The greate the resistance….

A

the smaller the current given potential difference across the component

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27
Q

How do you calculate potential difference?

A

current x resistance

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28
Q

The current through an ohmic conductor at a constant temperature is…..

A

directly proportional to the potential difference across the resistor

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29
Q

The resistance of components such as lamps, diodes, thermistors and LDRs is…

A

not constant

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30
Q

The resistance of a filament lamp increases as the temperature of the filament ….

A

increases

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31
Q

The current through a diode flows….

A

in one direction only

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32
Q

The diode has a ….

A

very high resistance in the reverse direction

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33
Q

The resistance of a thermistor decreases as the temperature…

A

increases

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34
Q

The applications of thermistors in circuits is…

A

required

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35
Q

The resistance of an LDR decreases as light intensity…

A

increases

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36
Q

What are the two ways of joining electrical components?

A

series and parallel

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37
Q

For components connected in series there are

A
  • there is the same current through each component
  • the total potential difference of the power supply is shared between the components
  • the total resistance of two components is the sum of the resistance of each component.
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38
Q

For components connected in parallels there is

A
  • the potential difference across each component is the same • the total current through the whole circuit is the sum of the currents through the separate components
  • the total resistance of two resistors is less than the resistance of the smallest individual resistor.
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39
Q

What type of current is mains electricity?

A

alternative current

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40
Q

What is the UK domestic electricity supply frequency and voltage?

A

50Hz

230V

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41
Q

What colour is the live wire?

A

brown

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42
Q

What colour is the neutral wire?

A

blue

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43
Q

What colour is the earth wire?

A

green and yellow stripes

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44
Q

What does the live wire carry?

A

alternating potential difference from the supply

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45
Q

What does the neutral wire do?

A

completes the circuit

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46
Q

What is the earth wire?

A

safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live

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47
Q

What is the potential difference between the live ire and the earth?

A

about 230 V

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48
Q

The neutral wire is at what?

A

earth potential (0V)

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49
Q

What is the earth wire at and when does it carry a current?

A

0 V it only carries a current if there is a fault

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50
Q

What are two equations for power?

A

potential difference x current

(current)2 x resistance

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51
Q

What are everyday electrical appliances designed to do?

A

bring about energy transfer

52
Q

What does the amount of energy an appliance transfers depends on what?

A

how long the appliance is switched on for and the power of the appliance

53
Q

When is work done?

A

when charge flows in a circuit

54
Q

How do you calculate energy transferred?

A

power x time

charge flow x potential difference

55
Q

What is the symbol for charge flow?

A

coulombs C

56
Q

How is electrical power transferred from power stations to consumers?

A

The National Grid

57
Q

What does a charged object create around itself?

A

electric field

58
Q

Where is the electric field strongest?

A

close to the charged object

59
Q

What does the second charge object placed in the field experience?

A

a force

60
Q

When does the force get stronger between the two objects?

A

as the distance between the objects decreases

61
Q

How do calculate density?

A

mass/volume

62
Q

How is energy stored inside a system?

A

by the particles that make up the system this is called internal energy

63
Q

What is internal energy?

A

total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles that make up the system

64
Q

what does the increase in temperature depend on?

A

the mass of the substance heated, type of material and the energy input

65
Q

How do you calculate the change in thermal energy?

A

mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change

66
Q

What is the specific heat capacity of a substance?

A

amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree

67
Q

What is the specific latent heat of a substance?

A

amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of the substance with no change of temperature

68
Q

What is the equation for energy for a change in state?

A

mass x specific latent heat

69
Q

What is the energy needed for a substance to change state called?

A

Latent heat

70
Q

When a change of state occurs…

A

The energy supplied changes the energy stored but not the temperature

71
Q

What is the specific lantent heat of fusion?

A

change of state from solid to liquid

72
Q

What is the specific latent heat of vaporisation?

A

change of state from liquid to vapour

73
Q

The temperature of the gas is related to what?

A

the average kinetic energy of the molecules

74
Q

The molecules of a gas are in….

A

constant random motion

75
Q

Changing the temperature of a gas held at constant volume changes what?

A

pressure exerted by the gas

76
Q

Doin work on a gas increases what?

A

the internal energy of the gas and cause an increase in the temperature of the gas

77
Q

Work is the transfer of what?

A

energy by a force

78
Q

What is the basic structure of an atom?

A

positively charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons surronded by negatively charged electrons

79
Q

The radius of a nucleus is less than what?

A

1/10000 of the radius of an atom

80
Q

Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated where?

A

nucleus

81
Q

When might the electron arrangement change?

A

absorption of electromagnetic radiation or by the emission of electromagnetic radiation

82
Q

In an atom the number of electrons is equal to the number of what?

A

protons

83
Q

All atoms of a particular element have…..

A

the same number of protons

84
Q

The number of protons in an atom of an element is called what?

A

atomic number

85
Q

The total number of protons and neutons in an atom is called what?

A

mass number

86
Q

What is the top number of an element?

A

Mass number

87
Q

What is the bottom number of an element?

A

Atomic number

88
Q

Atoms of the same element can have different number of what and what are they called?

A

neutrons and they are called isotopes

89
Q

Activity is measured in what?

A

becquerel (Bq)

90
Q

What is count rate?

A

number of decays recorded each second by a detector

91
Q

The nuclear radiation emitted may be?

A

an alpha particle
a beta particle
a gamma ray
a neutron

92
Q

What does an alpha particle consist of?

A

consists of two neutrons ad two protons

93
Q

What does a beta particle consist of?

A

a high speed electron ejected from the nucleus as a neutron turns into a proton

94
Q

What is a gamma ray?

A

electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus

95
Q

Nuclear equations are used to represent what?

A

radioactive decay

96
Q

The emission of the different types of nuclear radiation may cause what?

A

a change in the mass and/or the nucleus

97
Q

Beta decay does not cause the mass of the nucleus to change but does cause the charge of….

A

the nucleus to increase

98
Q

The emission of a gamma ray does ….

A

not cause the mass or the charge of the nucleus to change

99
Q

Radioactive decay is….

A

random

100
Q

What is radioactive contamination?

A

the unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials

101
Q

The hazards from contamination is due to what?

A

the decay of contaminating atoms

102
Q

What is Irradiation?

A

process of exposing an object to nuclear radiation. The irradiated object does not become radioactive

103
Q

What is alpha radiation?

A

least penetrating. It can be stopped by a sheet of paper

104
Q

What is beta radiation?

A

Can penetrate air and paper. It can be stopped by a tin sheet of aluminium

105
Q

What is Gamma radiation?

A

most penetrating. Even small levels can penetrate air, paper or thin metal. Higher levels can only be stopped by many cm of lead or many metres of concrete

106
Q

What is the order or radiation weakest to strongest?

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

107
Q

What is alpha radiation used for?

A

smoke detectors

108
Q

What is beta radiation used for?

A

tracers and monitoring the thickness of materials

109
Q

Why may doctors use tracers for?

A

medical imaging. Radiation detectors placed outside the body detect the radiation emitted and build up an image of the inside of the body

110
Q

Why would they use beta radiation in industry?

A

detectors that monitor and control the thickness of materials. It then sends signals to the equipment that adjust the thickness of the material

111
Q

Where is gamma radiation used?

A

used in the treatment of cancer, testing equipment and sterilising medical instruments

112
Q

How do you calculate weight?

A

mass x gravitational field strength

113
Q

How do you calculate work done?

A

force x distance (along the line of action of the force)

114
Q

How do you calculate the force applied to a spring?

A

spring constant x extension

115
Q

How do you calculate moment of a force

A

force x distance

116
Q

How do you calculate pressure?

A

force normal to a surface / area of that surface

117
Q

How do you calculate distance travelled?

A

speed x time

118
Q

How do you calculate acceleration?

A

change in velocity / time taken

119
Q

How do you calculate resultant force?

A

mass x acceleration

120
Q

How do you calculate momentum?

A

mass x velocity

121
Q

What is a thermistar used for?

A

Central heating

Only lets current flow out at certain temperature

122
Q

What are the uses of Light dependant resistor?

A

Street lights

Security lights

123
Q

What does the plum pudding model show?

A

A positive ball with negative bits dotted through out it

124
Q

What does the nuclear atom show?

A

Build up of positive atom with negative atoms around the outside so the majority of the atom was empty space

125
Q

Who designed the plum pudding model?

A

Rutherford

126
Q

Who designed the nuclear model?

A

Bohr

Physics (3 decks)

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