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Physics Of Solid Flashcards

1
Q

What is a crystalline solid?

A

A solid with atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in an orderly, repeating 3D pattern.

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2
Q

What are the four main types of crystalline solids?

A

Ionic, molecular, covalent network, and metallic.

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3
Q

What property do crystalline solids typically have?

A

Sharp melting points due to their uniform structure.

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4
Q

How do crystalline solids differ from amorphous solids?

A

Crystalline solids have a regular, repeating structure; amorphous solids do not.

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5
Q

Do crystals have both short and long range?

A

Yes.

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6
Q

What is a polycrystalline solid?

A

A solid made up of many small crystals or grains.

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7
Q

How do the grains in a polycrystalline solid differ?

A

Each grain has a different orientation of its crystal lattice.

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8
Q

How do polycrystalline solids compare to single crystals?

A

They have grain boundaries that can affect strength and conductivity.

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9
Q

What is a grain boundary?

A

The interface where two grains of different orientations meet in a polycrystalline solid. They are 100nm-100 microns in diameter.

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10
Q

Who invented X ray diffraction technique and extensively employed by who?

A

Max Von Laue and Bragg

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11
Q

What is a lattice?

A

The collection of infinite number of points in a periodic arrangement.

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12
Q

Is lattice merely an imaginary geometrical framework?

A

True.

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13
Q

What is lattice site and constant?

A

The points which are forming a lattice are called lattice sites and the distance between the consecutive neighbours sites is called lattice constant.

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14
Q

What is a unit cell?

A

The smallest geometric figure/unit whose periodic repetition in 2 or 3 dimension form a crystal.

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15
Q

What is elastic and plastic?

A

If an object regains its original shape when external force is removes is elastic and if it remains in deformed state, it is called plastic.

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16
Q

Formula of elastic modulus also called Hooke’s Law?

A

Stress (deforming force) divided by
Strain (deformation)

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17
Q

Young modulus is defined as?

A

Ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain.
F/A
△L/L

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18
Q

What is shear stress?

A

The ratio of tangential deforming force F to the area A of the face being sheared.

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18
Q

What is SI unit for Young Modulus?

A

N/m2

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19
Q

Rigidity Modulus is defined as?

A

Ratio of shear stress to shear strain.
F/A
△X/Y

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20
Q

Bulk Modulus is defined as?

A

Ratio of volume stress to volume strain.
F/A
(-△V/V)

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21
Q

Is the value of bulk modulus always taken in positive?

A

Yes.

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22
Q

What is the stress-strain curve?

A

A graph that shows how a material deforms under stress, plotting stress (y-axis) vs. strain (x-axis).

23
Q

What does the initial straight-line portion of the curve represent?

A

The elastic region, where the material returns to its original shape when the stress is removed.

24
What is the slope of the elastic region called?
Young’s modulus (E) — it measures the stiffness of the material.
25
What happens at the yield point?
The material begins to deform plastically and won't return to its original shape.
26
What is the plastic region?
The area after the yield point where the material permanently deforms under stress.
27
What is the ultimate tensile strength?
The maximum stress a material can withstand before necking begins.
28
What is "fracture point" on the curve?
The point where the material finally breaks or fails.
29
What does a larger area under the stress-strain curve indicate?
Greater toughness, meaning the material can absorb more energy before breaking.
30
At what point do brittle materials fracture?
At low strains and absorbs little energy.
31
At what point do ductile materials fail?
After significant deformation and absorbs more energy.
32
Define Strength.
The general ability of a material to withstand an applied force.
33
Define Hardness.
Hardness is a measure of how easily a material can be scratched or indented. Often also very brittle.
34
Define Brittleness.
A material with tendency to break easily/suddenly without any extension first.
35
Define Toughness.
A material that absorbs impact well is tough with SI unit being J/m2.
36
Define Plasticity.
The materials which deform permanently when small forces are applied.
37
Define Stiffness and ductility.
Stiffness is ability to resist bending while ductility is the ability to be drawn out into a thin wire/threads.
38
What is energy band theory?
Explains how electrons in solids can only have certain allowed energy levels, forming bands, rather than individual, discrete energy levels like in isolated atoms.
39
What are forbidden energy states and permissible energy states?
Space which cannot be occupied by electrons are called FBE and can only occupy certain discrete energy states called PME.
40
What is a conduction band?
Upper band which could be empty or partially filled where electrons are forced to move freely and can conduct electric current through solids.
41
What is valence band?
The lower energy band in which the electrons are tightly bound to their atoms and are not free to move.
42
What is energy band theory for insulators?
A large band gap exists between the valence band (VB) and the conduction band (CB). This gap is so wide that electrons in the VB cannot gain enough energy to jump to the CB, even at higher temperatures. Consequently, there are no free electrons in the CB to carry a current, making insulators poor conductors of electricity.
43
What is energy band theory for conductors?
It describes how valence and conduction bands overlap or are very close to each other, allowing electrons to move freely and conduct electricity.
44
What is energy band theory for semiconductors?
It explains the electrical conductivity of semiconductors by describing the allowed energy levels for electrons within a solid, forming energy bands. In semiconductors, these bands are separated by a relatively small band gap, allowing electrons to jump from the valence band to the conduction band, enabling them to conduct electricity
45
Define a superconductor.
Material that can conduct electricity or transport electrons from 1 atom to another with no resistance.
46
Is heat released or any other form of energy released by semi conductors?
No.
47
What is critical temperature?
The temperature at which a material becomes a superconductor.
48
What is paramagnetism?
A weak magnetism where materials are attracted by magnetic fields due to unpaired electrons, but do not retain magnetism.
49
What is diamagnetism?
A very weak form of magnetism present in all materials, where they are repelled by a magnetic field.
50
What is ferromagnetism?
A strong form of magnetism where magnetic domains align spontaneously, as in iron, cobalt, and nickel.
51
What is curie temperature?
The temperature at which a ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic.
52
What does a hysterisis loop shows?
Relationship btw induced magnetic flux density and the magnetizing force.
53
What is magnetic hysterisis?
Phenomenon of lagging of flux density behind the magnetizing force in a magnetic material subjected to a cycle of magnetism.
54
Materials with narrow hysterisis loops are easily magnetised and de magnetised are called?
Soft magnetic material.
55
Materials with fat hysterisis loop which are difficult to de magnetise and B remains even when H is remained are called?
Hard magnetic material.

physics (5 decks)

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