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IGCSE SCIENCE > PHYSICS EQUATIONS > Flashcards

PHYSICS EQUATIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the formula for average speed?

A

Average speed (ms⁻¹) = distance (m) / time (s)

Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken.

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2
Q

What is the formula for average velocity?

A

Average velocity (ms⁻¹) = displacement (m) / time (s)

Average velocity takes into account the direction of the displacement.

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3
Q

What is the formula for the period of a pendulum?

A

Period of a pendulum (s) = total time (s) / number of swings

The period is the time taken for one complete cycle of swinging.

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4
Q

What is the formula for acceleration?

A

Acceleration (ms⁻²) = (final velocity (ms⁻¹) - initial velocity (ms⁻¹)) / time (s)

Acceleration measures how quickly the velocity of an object changes.

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5
Q

What is the formula for weight?

A

Weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (ms⁻²)

Earth’s gravitational field strength is approximately 10 ms⁻².

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6
Q

What is the formula for force?

A

Force (N) = mass (kg) × acceleration (ms⁻²)

This formula is derived from Newton’s second law of motion.

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7
Q

What is the formula for density?

A

Density (kg/m³) = mass (kg) / volume (m³)

Density is a measure of mass per unit volume.

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8
Q

What is Hooke’s law?

A

Hooke’s law: Force (N) = constant (Nm⁻¹) × extension (m)

This law describes the relationship between the force applied to a spring and its extension.

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9
Q

What is the formula for pressure?

A

Pressure (Pa) = force (N) / area (m²)

Pressure is defined as force applied per unit area.

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10
Q

What is the formula for fluid pressure?

A

Fluid Pressure (Pa) = density (kg/m³) × gravitational field strength (ms⁻² or N/kg) × height (m)

This formula calculates the pressure exerted by a fluid at a certain depth.

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11
Q

What is the formula for work?

A

Work (J) = force (N) × distance moved (m)

Work is done when a force causes an object to move.

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12
Q

What is the formula for power?

A

Power (W) = work (J) / time (s)

Power measures the rate at which work is done.

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13
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic Energy (J) = ½ × mass (kg) × velocity² (ms⁻¹)

Kinetic energy is the energy of an object due to its motion.

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14
Q

What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?

A

Gravitational potential energy (J) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (ms⁻² or N/kg) × height (m)

This energy is stored due to an object’s position in a gravitational field.

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15
Q

What is the formula for efficiency?

A

Efficiency (%) = (useful power output (W) / total power input (W)) × 100

Efficiency measures how well input energy is converted to useful output energy.

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16
Q

What is the formula for moment?

A

Moment (Nm) = force (N) × perpendicular distance from pivot (m)

Moment is a measure of the rotational effect of a force.

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17
Q

What is the principle of moments?

A

Sum of clockwise moments (Nm) = sum of anticlockwise moments (Nm)

This principle is used in static equilibrium analysis.

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18
Q

What is the formula for momentum?

A

Momentum (kg·ms⁻¹) = mass (kg) × velocity (ms⁻¹)

Momentum is a measure of the motion of an object.

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19
Q

What is the formula for impulse?

A

Impulse (kg·ms⁻¹ or Ns) = change in momentum (kg·ms⁻¹)

Impulse is the effect of a force applied over time.

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20
Q

What is the formula for centripetal force?

A

Centripetal Force (N) = mass (kg) × velocity² (ms⁻¹) / radius (m)

This force keeps an object moving in a circular path.

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21
Q

What is the formula for orbital period?

A

Orbital Period (s) = 2 × π × radius (m) / velocity (ms⁻¹)

The orbital period is the time taken to complete one full orbit.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The formula for gravitational potential energy is _______.

A

mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (ms⁻² or N/kg) × height (m)

Gravitational potential energy is related to an object’s height in a gravitational field.

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23
Q

True or False: Kinetic energy is given by the formula KE = ½mv².

A

True

Kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass and the square of the velocity.

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24
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Pressure (Pa) × Volume (m³) = Constant

This means that at constant temperature, the product of pressure and volume remains constant.

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25
Q

What is the formula for energy?

A

Energy (J) = Mass (kg) × Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg°C) × Temperature Change (°C)

This formula calculates the energy required to change the temperature of a substance.

26
Q

What is the formula for thermal capacity?

A

Thermal Capacity (J/°C) = Mass (kg) × Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg°C)

This represents the amount of heat energy needed to change the temperature of a substance.

27
Q

What is the formula for energy transferred?

A

Energy Transferred (J) = Mass (kg) × Specific Latent Heat (J/kg)

This calculates the energy required for a phase change without a temperature change.

28
Q

What is the formula for expansion?

A

Expansion (m) = Linear Expansivity (°C⁻¹) × Original Length (m) × Temperature Rise (°C)

This formula calculates the change in length of a material due to temperature change.

29
Q

What is the relationship expressed in Boyle’s Law?

A

P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

This shows the inverse relationship between pressure and volume for a given amount of gas at constant temperature.

30
Q

What is the simplified form of Boyle’s Law?

A

PV = Constant

This indicates that the product of pressure and volume is constant at a fixed temperature.

31
Q

What is the formula for energy in terms of mass and temperature change?

A

E = mcΔT

This formula relates energy to mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature change.

32
Q

What is the formula for thermal capacity in terms of mass?

A

C = mc

This represents the thermal capacity in relation to mass and specific heat capacity.

33
Q

What is the formula for energy in terms of latent heat?

A

E = ml

This calculates the energy associated with a phase change based on mass and specific latent heat.

34
Q

What is the formula for linear expansion?

A

Expansion = αlΔT

This relates the expansion of a material to its linear expansivity, original length, and temperature change.

35
Q

What is the formula for current?

A

Current (A) = charge (C) / time (s)

36
Q

What is the formula for voltage?

A

Voltage (V) = energy transferred (J) / charge (C)

37
Q

What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance?

A

Voltage (V) = current (A) x resistance (Ω)

38
Q

What is the formula for power?

A

Power (W) = current (A) x voltage (V)

39
Q

What is another formula for power?

A

Power (W) = current² (A) x resistance (Ω)

40
Q

What is the formula for energy transferred?

A

Energy transferred (J) = current (A) x voltage (V) x time (s)

41
Q

What is another formula for energy transferred?

A

Energy transferred (J) = power (W) x time (s)

42
Q

How do you calculate total resistance in series?

A

Total Resistance (Ω) = sum of individual resistors (Ω)

43
Q

How do you calculate total resistance in parallel?

A

1 / total resistance (Ω) = sum of individual resistors (Ω)

44
Q

What is the formula for resistance?

A

Resistance (Ω) = resistivity (Ωm) x length (m) / area (m²)

45
Q

What is the formula for voltage in transformers?

A

Voltage in secondary coil (V) = (turns on secondary coil / turns on primary coil) x voltage in primary coil (V)

46
Q

What is the relationship between voltage and current in transformers?

A

Voltage in primary coil (V) = (current in secondary coil (A) / current in primary coil (A)) x voltage in secondary coil (V)

47
Q

What is the formula for wave speed?

A

Wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x wavelength (m)

48
Q

What is the formula for frequency?

A

Frequency (Hz) = 1 / Period (s)

49
Q

What is the formula for refractive index?

A

Refractive index = sine of the angle of incidence (i) / sine of the angle of refraction (r)

50
Q

What is the refractive index in terms of speed?

A

Refractive index = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in material

51
Q

What is the formula for energy in nuclear reactions?

A

Energy (J) = mass defect (kg) x speed of light² (m/s²)

52
Q

What is the equation for radioactive alpha decay?

A

238 92Th → 234 90U + He + energy

53
Q

What is the equation for radioactive beta decay?

A

82 20Bi → 82 21Pb + e + energy

54
Q

What is the equation for radioactive gamma decay?

A

200 → Y + energy

55
Q

What is the equation for energy in terms of voltage and time?

A

ΔE = IVt

56
Q

What is the equation for total resistance in series?

A

RTOTAL = R1 + R2 + R3 + … + Rn

57
Q

What is the formula for calculating resistance?

A

R = ρl / A

58
Q

What is the equation relating speed of light and frequency?

A

c = fλ

59
Q

What is Snell’s Law?

A

n1 sin(i) = n2 sin(r)

60
Q

What is the equation for mass-energy equivalence?

A

E = mc²

IGCSE SCIENCE (2 decks)

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