Physics and Chemistry

Question 1

Alpha decay

Answer 1

An alpha particle, containing two protons, two neutrons, and a +2 charge, is emitted

Question 2

beta-minus decay

Answer 2

neutron is converted into a proton in the nucleus, and a beta-minus particle (an electron) is emitted

Question 3

beta-plus decay

Answer 3

a proton is converted into a neutron, and a B+ particle (a positron) is emitted to preserve the charge

Question 4

Gamma decay

Answer 4

involves the emission of a gamma ray (a high energy photon), from an excited nucleus

Question 5

electron capture (positron decay)

Answer 5

a nucleus “grabs” an electron, which changes a proton into a neutron

Question 6

The resulting Xe-131 + e- from an I-131 is a product of what type of decay?

Answer 6

beta-minus decay

Question 7

To calculate the specific rotation of a chiral compound, what equation do you use?

Answer 7

[alpha] = alpha/cl

alpha: observed rotation
c: concentration in g/mL
l: length of the polarimeter tube in decimeters

Question 8

what is the goal of titration

Answer 8

to use known volumes/concentrations to determine unknown volumes/concentrations

e.g., using known concentration of NaOH to an analyte (unknown solution)

Question 9

What equation is generally used for titration?

Answer 9

M1V1=M2V2

Question 10

If a cell is placed in an environment that contains a higher concentration of solutes than the interior of the cell, what would this environment be called?

Answer 10

hypertonic

Question 11

When a cell is exposed to a hypotonic environment, what happens?

Answer 11

Since the environment has lower solute concentration than the cell, water will travel into the cell, causing swelling and even lyses (bursts)

Question 12

define boiling point

Answer 12

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the atmospheric pressure

Question 13

Adding salt to water causes the boiling point of water to:

Answer 13

increase, requiring a greater average kinetic energy of the liquid to produce a vapor pressure equal to the external pressure

Question 14

the molecular formula for sulfate

Answer 14

SO4^2-

Question 15

the molecular formula for sulfite

Answer 15

SO3^2-

Question 16

equation for torque

Answer 16

Fdsin(theta)

Question 17

equation for work

Answer 17

Fdcos(theta)

Question 18

Vmax unchanged, Km increases

Answer 18

competitive inhibitor

Question 19

Vmax decreases, Km unchanged

Answer 19

noncompetitive inhibitor

Question 20

Vmax and Km decreases

Answer 20

uncompetitive inhibitor

Question 21

ideal gas law

Answer 21

PV = nRT

T is in Kelvin
R is gas constant, don’t memorize

Question 22

equation for power

Answer 22

P=IV
P=(I^2)R
P=(V^2)/R

V is voltage, R is resistance

unit: W

Question 23

Ohm’s law

Answer 23

V=IR

for circuits

Question 24

Equation for resistors in series

Answer 24

I(tot) = I(1) = I(2) = ... 
V(tot) = V(1) + V(2) + ...
R(tot) = R(1) + R(2) + ...

Question 25

equation for resistors in parallel

Answer 25

``` I(tot) = I(1) + I(2) + ... V(tot) = V(1) = V(2) = ... 1/R(tot) = 1/R(1) + 1/R(2) + ... ```

Question 26

general equation for capacitors

Answer 26

Q = VC

Question 27

equation for capacitors in series

Answer 27

1/C(tot) = 1/C(1) + 1/C(2) + ...

Question 28

equation for capacitors in parallel

Answer 28

C(tot) = C(1) + C(2) + ...

Question 29

what is a reducing agent capable of reducing an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?

Answer 29

LiAlH4 mild and strong reducing agents also work

Question 30

what is a catalytic agent capable of reducing an aldehyde to an alkane?

Answer 30

H2 with Pd

Question 31

what is an example of a catalytic agent that would oxidize a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid

Answer 31

strong oxidizing agents like NaCr2O7

Question 32

What is an example of a weak reducing agent?

Answer 32

NaBH4

Question 33

what does aldosterone, a steroid hormone, regulate?

Answer 33

fluid and salt levels

Question 34

what does cortisol, a steroid hormone, affect?

Answer 34

blood glucose levels as part of the long-term stress response

Question 35

What are the 3 S's that indicate the functions of steroid hormones?

Answer 35

sex, salt, sugar

Question 36

What range would you see a peak in an IR spectroscopy if there is a carbonyl C=O present in a compound (aldehyde or ketone)

Answer 36

1700-1750 cm-1 region

Question 37

What range would you see a peak in an IR spectroscopy for an OH group?

Answer 37

3200-3500 cm-1 region

Question 38

Greater (more positive) reduction potentials (greater than 0V) indicate what?

Answer 38

that the substance "wants" to be reduced more

Question 39

Smaller (more negative) reduction potentials indicate what?

Answer 39

that a substance is not prone to reduction

Question 40

what is the reduction half-reaction for silver?

Answer 40

Ag+ + e- --> Ag

Question 41

Describe the electron transport chain reduction potential properties?

Answer 41

electrons are passed from species with less positive reduction potential to those with more positive reduction potential Since O2 is the final electron acceptor of the ETC, it must possess a standard reduction potential more positive than any other acceptor in chain (so the voltage must be the most positive)

Question 42

Define E(cell)

Answer 42

E(cell) = E°(cat) - E°(an)

Question 43

Spontaneity is equivalent to: ∆G ? 0 K(eq) ? 1 E° ? 0

Answer 43

∆G < 0 K(eq) > 1 E° > 0

Question 44

Snell's Law

Answer 44

n1sin(θ1) = n2sin(θ2) θ is defined with reference to the normal

Question 45

index of refraction

Answer 45

n = c/v(material) c is speed of light v is velocity

Question 46

What does the Le Chatelier's principle state

Answer 46

If an equilibrium mixture is disrupted, it will shift to favor the direction of the reaction that best facilitates a return to equilibrium

Question 47

Hess's Law

Answer 47

ΔHrxn = Σ∆Hproducts - ΣΔHreactants

Question 48

Determining spontaneity using enthalpy and entropy equation:

Answer 48

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

Question 49

p value

Answer 49

expresses statistical significance (express likelihood of a certain result being due to chance given a certain null hypothesis) A p value <0.05 = less than 5% chance of the observed relationship being due to chance (statistically significant)

Question 50

null hypothesis

Answer 50

refers to the absence of a relationship between the variables of interest

Question 51

what are capacitors used for

Answer 51

used to store charge and electrical potential energy

Question 52

Capacitance equation

Answer 52

C = ɛ0A/d A = area of plates, d = distance between plates

Question 53

what is the equation for the electrical potential energy stored in the capacitor?

Answer 53

E = ½ QV = ½ CV2

Question 54

What equation relates charge, capacitance, and voltage?

Answer 54

Q = VC