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NextStep Full Length 1 > Physics and Chemistry > Flashcards

Physics and Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha decay

A

An alpha particle, containing two protons, two neutrons, and a +2 charge, is emitted

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2
Q

beta-minus decay

A

neutron is converted into a proton in the nucleus, and a beta-minus particle (an electron) is emitted

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3
Q

beta-plus decay

A

a proton is converted into a neutron, and a B+ particle (a positron) is emitted to preserve the charge

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4
Q

Gamma decay

A

involves the emission of a gamma ray (a high energy photon), from an excited nucleus

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5
Q

electron capture (positron decay)

A

a nucleus “grabs” an electron, which changes a proton into a neutron

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6
Q

The resulting Xe-131 + e- from an I-131 is a product of what type of decay?

A

beta-minus decay

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7
Q

To calculate the specific rotation of a chiral compound, what equation do you use?

A

[alpha] = alpha/cl

alpha: observed rotation
c: concentration in g/mL
l: length of the polarimeter tube in decimeters

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8
Q

what is the goal of titration

A

to use known volumes/concentrations to determine unknown volumes/concentrations

e.g., using known concentration of NaOH to an analyte (unknown solution)

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9
Q

What equation is generally used for titration?

A

M1V1=M2V2

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10
Q

If a cell is placed in an environment that contains a higher concentration of solutes than the interior of the cell, what would this environment be called?

A

hypertonic

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11
Q

When a cell is exposed to a hypotonic environment, what happens?

A

Since the environment has lower solute concentration than the cell, water will travel into the cell, causing swelling and even lyses (bursts)

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12
Q

define boiling point

A

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the atmospheric pressure

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13
Q

Adding salt to water causes the boiling point of water to:

A

increase, requiring a greater average kinetic energy of the liquid to produce a vapor pressure equal to the external pressure

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14
Q

the molecular formula for sulfate

A

SO4^2-

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15
Q

the molecular formula for sulfite

A

SO3^2-

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16
Q

equation for torque

A

Fdsin(theta)

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17
Q

equation for work

A

Fdcos(theta)

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18
Q

Vmax unchanged, Km increases

A

competitive inhibitor

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19
Q

Vmax decreases, Km unchanged

A

noncompetitive inhibitor

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20
Q

Vmax and Km decreases

A

uncompetitive inhibitor

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21
Q

ideal gas law

A

PV = nRT

T is in Kelvin
R is gas constant, don’t memorize

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22
Q

equation for power

A

P=IV
P=(I^2)R
P=(V^2)/R

V is voltage, R is resistance

unit: W

23
Q

Ohm’s law

A

V=IR

for circuits

24
Q

Equation for resistors in series

A 
I(tot) = I(1) = I(2) = ... 
V(tot) = V(1) + V(2) + ...
R(tot) = R(1) + R(2) + ...
25
Q

equation for resistors in parallel

A 
I(tot) = I(1) + I(2) + ...
V(tot) = V(1) = V(2) = ...
1/R(tot) = 1/R(1) + 1/R(2) + ...
26
Q

general equation for capacitors

A

Q = VC

27
Q

equation for capacitors in series

A

1/C(tot) = 1/C(1) + 1/C(2) + …

28
Q

equation for capacitors in parallel

A

C(tot) = C(1) + C(2) + …

29
Q

what is a reducing agent capable of reducing an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?

A

LiAlH4

mild and strong reducing agents also work

30
Q

what is a catalytic agent capable of reducing an aldehyde to an alkane?

A

H2 with Pd

31
Q

what is an example of a catalytic agent that would oxidize a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid

A

strong oxidizing agents like NaCr2O7

32
Q

What is an example of a weak reducing agent?

A

NaBH4

33
Q

what does aldosterone, a steroid hormone, regulate?

A

fluid and salt levels

34
Q

what does cortisol, a steroid hormone, affect?

A

blood glucose levels as part of the long-term stress response

35
Q

What are the 3 S’s that indicate the functions of steroid hormones?

A

sex, salt, sugar

36
Q

What range would you see a peak in an IR spectroscopy if there is a carbonyl C=O present in a compound (aldehyde or ketone)

A

1700-1750 cm-1 region

37
Q

What range would you see a peak in an IR spectroscopy for an OH group?

A

3200-3500 cm-1 region

38
Q

Greater (more positive) reduction potentials (greater than 0V) indicate what?

A

that the substance “wants” to be reduced more

39
Q

Smaller (more negative) reduction potentials indicate what?

A

that a substance is not prone to reduction

40
Q

what is the reduction half-reaction for silver?

A

Ag+ + e- –> Ag

41
Q

Describe the electron transport chain reduction potential properties?

A

electrons are passed from species with less positive reduction potential to those with more positive reduction potential

Since O2 is the final electron acceptor of the ETC, it must possess a standard reduction potential more positive than any other acceptor in chain (so the voltage must be the most positive)

42
Q

Define E(cell)

A

E(cell) = E°(cat) - E°(an)

43
Q

Spontaneity is equivalent to:
∆G ? 0
K(eq) ? 1
E° ? 0

A

∆G < 0
K(eq) > 1
E° > 0

44
Q

Snell’s Law

A

n1sin(θ1) = n2sin(θ2)

θ is defined with reference to the normal

45
Q

index of refraction

A

n = c/v(material)

c is speed of light
v is velocity

46
Q

What does the Le Chatelier’s principle state

A

If an equilibrium mixture is disrupted, it will shift to favor the direction of the reaction that best facilitates a return to equilibrium

47
Q

Hess’s Law

A

ΔHrxn = Σ∆Hproducts - ΣΔHreactants

48
Q

Determining spontaneity using enthalpy and entropy equation:

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

49
Q

p value

A

expresses statistical significance (express likelihood of a certain result being due to chance given a certain null hypothesis)

A p value <0.05 = less than 5% chance of the observed relationship being due to chance (statistically significant)

50
Q

null hypothesis

A

refers to the absence of a relationship between the variables of interest

51
Q

what are capacitors used for

A

used to store charge and electrical potential energy

52
Q

Capacitance equation

A

C = ɛ0A/d

A = area of plates, d = distance between plates

53
Q

what is the equation for the electrical potential energy stored in the capacitor?

A

E = ½ QV = ½ CV2

54
Q

What equation relates charge, capacitance, and voltage?

A

Q = VC

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