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MCAT Physics(David) > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Gravitation

  1. Law of universal universal gravitation is
  2. Gravitational field g =
  3. Gravitational potential energy Ug =
A
  1. Gravitational force F = G m1 m2 / r2
  2. g = G m / r2
  3. Ug = - G m1m2 / r
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2
Q

Lenz’s law

The polarity of the induced emf ………………..

A

The polarity of the induced emf is such that the induced current

creates a magnetic field that tends to oppose the change that produced it

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3
Q

Capacitance

C =

A

C = Q / V

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4
Q

Potential energy

  1. describe in words
  2. Gravity - formula general
  3. Gravity - formula Earths gravity
  4. Two charges interacting by Electric force - formula
  5. In a stretched spring - formula
A
  1. The energy of position
  2. Ug = -G m1 m2 /r
  3. U = mgh
  4. Ue = k q1 q2 /r
  5. Uspr = 1/2 k x2
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5
Q

Electrostatic potential energy between two point charges U =

A

Electrostatic potential energy between two point charges

U = kq1q2/r

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6
Q

Sound waves

loudness in decibels =

Sound Intensity with distance

Planar waves =

Cylindrical waves =

Spherical waves =

A

loudness in decibels = 10 log10 (I / Io) Intensity , Io is 10-12 W/m2

Planar waves I = constant

Cylindrical waves I = 1/r

Spherical waves I = 1/r2

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7
Q

Archimedes principle

formula in words

A

Buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced

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8
Q

Heat engine

  1. What is the maximum amount of work you can get out of a heat engine =
  2. What are the implications of The Second Law of Thermodynamics for efficiency of machines?
A
  1. The maximum amount of work you can get out of a heat engine is the amount you get out of a reversible engine.

Wmax = (Qhigh - Qlow)reversible

= Qhigh - QhighTlow/Thigh = Qhigh(1 - Tlow/Thigh).

  1. No 100% efficiency <em>(a heat engine exhaust gas would have to be 0 Kelvin which is impossible)</em>

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time.

The second law has been expressed in many ways.

webpage LINK

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9
Q

Pascal’s law

formula

leads to hyd….. …ess

A

Fa/Aa = Fb/Ab

hydraulic press

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10
Q

Mass-spring

  1. ..?.. Law
  2. Restoring force =
  3. Angular frequency =
  4. ..?.. potential energy = 4a
A
  1. Hooke’s law
  2. F = -k x spring constant displacement
  3. w = (k/m)1/2
  4. Elastic potential energy
    4a. U = 1/2 k x2
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11
Q

Wave superposition

standing waves fixed at both ends, wavelength =

standing waves fixed at one end e.g tube, wavelength =

A

standing waves fixed at both ends

wavelengthn = 2L / n (n = 1,2,3,4,5…)

standing waves fixed at one end e.g tube, wavelength =

wavelengthn = 4L / n (n = 1,,3,,5…)

webpage animations

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12
Q

Electricity

  1. Coulomb’s law force between two point charges F =
  2. Define electric field E =
    2a. and in words
  3. Electric field around a point charge E =
A
  1. F = kq1q2/r2
  2. E = F/q
    2a. Electric field predicts the force that would exert on a test charge
  3. Electric field around a point charge E = kq/r2
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13
Q

Wave propogation

  1. speed of wave on a stretched string =
  2. and for a harmonic wave =
A
  1. v = (F / u)1/2 Tension / mu is mass per unit length
  2. v = lambda x f
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14
Q

Simple harmonic motion

Displacement =

Frequency = =

Period =

A

x = A cos (ωt + δ)

displacement = max displacement cos( angular velocity x time + phase angle)

f = 1/T = ω/2π

T = 2π/ω

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15
Q

Transmission of heat

  1. Rate of heat flow (by conduction) =
  2. Rate of heat flow (by radiation) =
A

1. Q/t = K A (deltaT/deltax)

K is thermal conductivity of the material

deltax is conductor thickness

  1. Stefan’s law

Q/t = A epsilon sigma T4

epsilon is emissivity

sigma is Stefan-Boltzmann constant

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16
Q

Newton’s laws of motion

Number

title

formula

A

1st Law - The law of Inertia

If net force = 0 then acceleration = 0

2nd Law - Net force causes acceleration

F = ma

3rd Law - Action and reaction

F12 = F21

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17
Q

Sources of the magnetic field

  1. Magnetic field on a straight current carrying wire B =
  2. Magnetic field at the centre of a current loop B =
  3. Magnetic field within a solenoid B =
A
  1. Magnetic field on a straight current carrying wire

B = μ0 I /( 2 π d) [μ0 = permeability of free space; I=current, d=distance from wire]

  1. Magnetic field at the centre of a current loop[radius r]

B = μ0 I / (2r)

  1. Magnetic field within a solenoid[n turns per unit length]

B = n μ0 I

diagram of fields

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18
Q

Faraday’s law

The emf induced by a changing magnetic flux through a circuit is

………

A

directly proportional to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit

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19
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

Light (of appropriate intensity and frequency)

incident upon a metal ejects a photoelectron

padlet

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20
Q

Relate wavelength of light to frequency

A

λ = c / f

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21
Q

Doppler effect

f’ =

A
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22
Q

Rotational kinematics (3 of 3)

  1. Angular momentum of a body - formula
  2. Angular momentum of a particle moving around a point - formula
A
  1. L = I w
  2. L = p r sintheta momentum of particle rho x radius x sin..

or more formally by the vector product L = r x p

  1. additional - The direction is given by the right hand rule which would give L the direction out of the diagram. For an orbit, angular momentum isconserved, and this leads to one ofKepler’s laws. For a circular orbit, L becomes L = mvr
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23
Q

Magnetic force

  1. Magnetic force on a segment of current carrying conductor F =
  2. Torque on a current loop within a uniform magnetic field T =
A
  1. F = L I B sin θ

[L=segment length, I=current, θ= angle between current and magnetic field]

  1. T = I A B cos Φ

[A=area of loop, Φ = angle between loop plane and magnetic field]

24
Q

Rotational kinematics (2 of 3)

  1. Rotational kinetic energy - formula
  2. Rotational Work - formula
  3. Rotational Power - formula
A
  1. K = 1/2 I w2 moment of inertia angular velocity omega
  2. W = T x deltatheta Work = Torque x angular displacement
  3. P = Tw Power = Torque x angular velocity
25
Q

Kinetic energy

formula

A

K = 1/2 m v2

26
Q

Momentum - formula

Conservation of momentum - formula

Impulse = =

Collisions - types & formulae

A

p = m v

sum of initial momentum = sum of final momentum

Impulse = F deltat = deltap

Elastic collision (billiard ball) -> momentum conserved; kinetic energy conserved

Inelastic collision (putty) -> m1 v1 + m1 v2 = (m1 + m2) vf

27
Q

Electrical generators and motors

  1. How does a generator work?
  2. How does a motor work?
A
  1. Generator

Mechanical work -> changes magnetic flux -> induces emf

  1. Motor

Electical energy -> changes magnetic flux -> mechanical work

28
Q

Work

define in words

formula

A

Work = force x component of displacement in the direction of the force

W = (F cos theta) s

29
Q

Rotational kinematics (1 of 3)

  1. rotating object change in angular displacement - formula & units
  2. Torque - formula (words and symbols)
  3. Moment of inertia - formula & when greater
  4. relate torque and angular acceleration
A
  1. theta = arclength / radius radians
  2. Torque = F d force x movement arm
  3. I = sum mi ri2 greater when mass further from axis of rotation
  4. Torque = moment of inertia x angular acceleration
30
Q

Wave propogation

velocity of sound formula

A

v = (B / p)1/2 Bulk modulus / rho is density

31
Q

Fluid mechanics

  1. density =
  2. pressure =
  3. pressure at depth h =
A
  1. p = m/V
  2. P = F/A
  3. P = atmospheric pressure + pgh
32
Q

Geometric optics - mirrors

  1. focal length of concave and convex mirrors - formula
  2. magnitude of lateral magnification M =
A
  1. 1/f = 1/di + 1/do
  2. M = - di/do = hi/ho
33
Q

Conservation of energy

formula

A

Utotal = initial (K + U) = final (K + U)

34
Q

Power

  1. Definition
  2. formula
  3. Power in terms of force - formula
A
  1. Rate of energy expenditure OR work done
  2. P = Work/t
  3. P = F v
35
Q

Four equations of kinematics

one dimension

uniform acceleration

A

s = v0t + 1/2 at2

s = 1/2(v + v0)t

v = v0 + at

v2 = v02 + 2as

36
Q

Wave superposition

beat frequency =

A

fb = f1 - f2

37
Q

Systems and surroundings

Define types of systems and what can and cannot be transferred to the surroundings

A

what and can be transferred to the surroundings

Open - matter and energy

Closed - energy

Isolated - nothing

38
Q

Flow of an ideal fluid

….. flux formula

Ber…….. law formula

A

volume flux

A1V1 = A2V2

Bernouilli’s law

P + 1/2pv2 + pgy = constant

Pressure + Kinetic energy + Potential energy = constant

39
Q

Electricity

Gauss’s law

A

Gauss’s law -

Flux through a closed surface = net enclosed electric charge / permittivity of free space

40
Q

Elasticity

  1. elastic modulus =
  2. ..?.. deformation 2a. Young’s modulus =
  3. shear modulus =
  4. bulk modulus =
A
  1. elastic modulus = stress / strain
  2. tensile deformation 2a. Young’s modulus = (F/A) / (deltaL/L0)
  3. shear modulus = (F/A) / (deltax/h)
  4. bulk modulus = (F/A) / (deltaV/V)
41
Q

The Pendulum

Angular frequency =

A

w = (g / L)1/2

42
Q

PV work

  1. explain
  2. formula
  3. draw PV graph
43
Q

Magnetic force

  1. Force on a particle with velocity perpendicular to a magnetic field F =
  2. A particle moving perpendicular to a magnetic field experiences centripital magnetic force leading to uniform circular motion F =
A
  1. F = q v B sin θ [= q(v X B) vector cross]
  2. F = qvB = mv2/r [sin = 1, solve for r]
44
Q

Angular momentum

  1. in terms of mass and velocity L =
  2. In terms of linear momentum L =
  3. In terms of angular velocity L =
A

L = m v r (v is tangential to r)

L = ρ r (ρ is tangential to r)

L = m ω r2

45
Q

Friction forces

Types

Formulae

A

Static friction

Fsmaximum = usN (coefficient of static friction mus, Normal force)

Kinetic friction

Fk = ukN (coefficient of kinetic friction muk, Normal force)

46
Q

Electric potential - voltage

  1. Define voltage in words
    1a. V =
  2. two points in space near a test charge V =
  3. between parallel charged plates V =
A
  1. Voltage is the work a field can do on a test charge
    1a. V = ΔU / q W/A J/C
  2. two points in space near a test charge V = kq [1/ra - 1/rb]
  3. between parallel charged plates V = Ed
47
Q

Geometric optics

What is Michel van Biezel method for finding where the image is for mirrors and lenses?

A
  1. Draw a horizontal line from the top of the object to the surface and then through the focal point
  2. Draw a line from the top of the object through the focal point

Continue the lines, where they cross is the top of the object - shows position and inversion

48
Q

Thermal expansion

Linear =

Area =

Volume =

A

deltal = a lo deltaT alpha is coefficient of linear expansion

deltaA = 2a Ao deltaT

deltaV = 3a Vo deltaT

49
Q

Black body

what is the emissivity of a perfect black body radiator? ε =

A

ε = 1

50
Q

Classical fundamental forces

How many

Names

Formulae

A

Gravitational force F = G m1 m2 / r2

Electrostatic force F = k q1 q2 / r2

Magnetic force F = q B v sin theta

51
Q

Inductance

How do inductors work?

A

On switch on it takes time for current to reach maximum.

The back emf initially opposes the applied voltage

52
Q

Heat engine

  1. Diagramatically represent a heat engine
  2. What is the work you get out of a heat engine =
A
  1. The amount of work you get out of a heat engine is W = Qhigh - Qlow

webpage LINK

53
Q

SI derived units

Name, units, what it is for : eg kg = kilogram, kg, mass

N

Pa

J

W

C

F

V

A
54
Q

Heat capacity

Define specific heat

Define Molar heat

A

Specific heat c Q = m c deltaT c joules per gram to raise 1o Kelvin

Molar heat capacity C Q = n C deltaT C joules per mol to raise 1o Kelvin

55
Q

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion

Name and describe in words

A

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun

First law - the Orbital rule

The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci.

Second law - the Area rule
A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.

Third law - the Period rule

The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

56
Q

acceleration in uniform circular motion

formula

name

direction

A

a = v2 / r

Centripital acceleration

to centre

MCAT Physics(David) (1 decks)

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