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Physics 1, 2 + 3 > Physics 3: Sustainable Energy > Flashcards

Physics 3: Sustainable Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the primary energy sources:

A
  1. Fossil fuels- coal, oil and gas
  2. Nuclear fuel- uranium, plutonium
  3. Biofuels- from plants and animals
  4. Wind, waves sunlight
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2
Q

Secondary energy sources

A

More convenient form of energy, such as electricity and refined fuels, produced from primary energy sources

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3
Q

How do primary energy sources and secondary energy source link

A

Primary energy slices can transfer their energy to secondary energy sources

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4
Q

What are primary energy sources used for

A

To make electricity. Most of our electrify is made from burning fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are a non-renewable energy source. I’m

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5
Q

Greenhouse gas

A

A gas such as carbon dioxide that reduces the mourn of infrared radiation escaping from the water into space, thereby contributing to global warming

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6
Q

What do fossil fuels lead to

A
  1. The burning of fossil fuels is increasing the Amon r of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere
  2. The greenhouse affect is called global warming, an increase in the temperature of the earths surface
  3. Global warming is likely to result in climate change, leading to floods and storms
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7
Q

Power

A

Amount of energy that something transfers each second, measured in watts (or joules per second)

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8
Q

How do we calculate energy transferred (in J)

A

Energy transferred (In J) = power (in W) x time (in s)

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9
Q

What is electric measured j

A

kW (1kW= 1000 watts)

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10
Q

How do we calculate energy transferred (kWh)

A

Energy transferred (kWh) = power (in kW) x time (in hours)

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11
Q

Current

A

Flow of electrons in a circuit

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12
Q

Amperes

A

Unit of measurement used forge flow of electric current or charge

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13
Q

How do we calculate electrical energy (in W)

A

electrical energy (in W) = current (in A) x voltage (V)

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14
Q

Primary energy source

A

A source of energy before conversion to useful energy; e.g. fossil fuels, wind biomass, solar energy

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15
Q

Name the useful and unwonted energy transfers in a current circuit

A
  1. Current in a component transfers electrical energy into other forms
  2. Current in the connecting wires wastefully transfers electrical energy into other useful forms
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16
Q

How is electrical energy measured in a house

A

An electricity meter record the amount that you go energy transferred into a house. Electricity is measured in kWh or units to keep the numbers small and manageable

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17
Q

How is information about energy displayed

A
  1. A pie chart to them for different uses of electricity
  2. A bar chart to show the amount but just to use by different components
  3. A line graph to show how the number of units consumes changes with the time
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18
Q

What does a Sankey diagram show

A

Thank you diagram showing the energy transferred in a component. The sum of the energy transfers out of the component equals the input energy. This shows that the energy is conserved

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19
Q

Describe what is thank you diagram looks like

A
  1. Energy flows from the left. The amount of Energy input is shown at the left of the Arrowtail and is proportional to the thickness of the Arrowtail
  2. The sum of the wits of the new arrow split is equal to the wits of the arrow before the split
  3. Each energy output should be shown on the right with an arrow head. Useful energy transfers flow to the right. Wasteful energy transfers flow down
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20
Q

What is the efficiency equation

A

Efficiency x Energy usefully transferred/total energy supplied

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21
Q

How come use less energy as a person

A
  1. Using high efficiency a rated appliances
  2. Turning off components when they aren’t needed
  3. Not boarding more water than is necessary and cooking food a the microwave oven
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22
Q

How can we use less energy as a nation

A
  1. Using more efficient cars
  2. Living in houses with better insolation
  3. Building more efficient power stations and improve in the output of old power stations
23
Q

How are people going to affect the demand for energy in the future

A

Global demand for energy and other resources will rise in the future as the population increases and the quality of life for many people improves

24
Q

How can all human activity’s impact on the environment be reduced

A
  1. Recycle resources such as metals, glass and plastics

2. Generating electricity from the new ball sources of energy, E.G.water, wind and solar power

25
Q

Describe the basics of the generator (magnet and the magnetic field)

A
  1. Moving a magnet near circuit causes an electric current to flow in the circuit
  2. The current flows only when the magnetic field is changing – that is, when the magnet is moving
  3. Power stations use this idea to produce mains electricity by generators
  4. A generator contains an electromagnet near a coil of wire. There is a voltage across the coil when the electromagnet spins
26
Q

How do you power stations use generators

A
  1. Power stations use primary fuels, such as fossil, nuclear and biofuels, to boil water into steam
  2. Steam passes through a turbine (a set of blades on an axle), making it shaft spin round. The turbine shop to spins the magnet inside the generator
  3. Increasing the current drawn from the coil requires an increase in the rate of transfer energy from the primary fuel, i.e. An increase in the amount of primary fuel used each second
  4. Primary energy sources used to turn turbines directly include wind and water
  5. New developments in electricity generation must conform to the government regulations
27
Q

How do you thermal power stations spin the turbine

A

Thermal power stations use coal, oil, gas and nuclear power to spin the turbine from High pressure steam

  1. Coal-fired power stations do this by burning coal to transfer energy into water
  2. Gas-fired powerstation spell natural gas the Maycock us for a turbine; another turbine is born by steam from water heated by hot gas
28
Q

Hydroelectric power stations

A

Hydroelectric power stations use a jet of high pressure water at the base of the damp has been a turbine

29
Q

Wind driven power stations

A

Wind driven houses in use convection current in the atmosphere called by the heating effect of the sun on the land

30
Q

How do nuclear power stations make steam

A

Nuclear power stations make high pressure steam by:

  1. Putting fuel rods close to each other in the reactor so that they heat up
  2. Taking away the heat with high pressure water circulating around the rods
  3. Using the high pressure water to boil low reassure water in a boiler
31
Q

How are nuclear power stations dangerous

A
  1. Waste from hi clear power stations is radioactive and a serious health risk
  2. Nuclear water must be carefully stores until it becomes safe
  3. Nuclear waste emits ionising radiation, which affects body cells
32
Q

Irradiation and contaminated radiation

A
  1. An object is only irradiates when if is placed in the path of the radiation
  2. An object is contaminated when it gets mixed up with radioactive material
33
Q

Why is contamination dangerous

A

Contamination can be more serious hazed than irradiation because: it can result in a longer exposure to radiation; it is difficult to remove the radioactive material; it is did full to stop the radioactive material from spreading through the environment

34
Q

What are the risks of ionising radiation

A
  1. We often overestimate the risk from ionising radiation because: it cannot be seen or felt; its effects take a long time to develop; people worry about unfamiliar technology
  2. Statistics about death rates can be used to: compare risks from different technologies; decide which technologies need to be controlled; the side which risks are too small to worry about
35
Q

What are the renewable sources that can spin turbines to make electricity

A
  1. Hydroelectric schemes
  2. Wind turbines
  3. Wave technology
36
Q

What are the advantages of hydroelectric schemes

A
  1. They can provide large amount of electricity
  2. The can be turned on and off quickly
  3. They a can pump water back behind the dam to store energy
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydroelectric schemes

A
  1. They flood large areas of land
  2. Rotting plants in the water produce methane gas
  3. They cost a lot to build
38
Q

What are the advantages of wind turbines

A
  1. They care inexpensive to make

2 they need very little maintenance

39
Q

Disadvantages of wind turbines

A
  1. They need to be put in wildly places

2. They can only generate electricity when there is enough wind

40
Q

The National grid

A
  1. The national grid is a network of cables which carries electricity throughout the UK
  2. Power cables warm up because they waste fully transfer electrical current to thermal energy
  3. Substations connected to the national grid reduce the voltage to 230 V for our homes
41
Q

How does the voltage acc et the current in the national grid

A

Increasing the voltage of a power cable reduces the current. The national grid carries electricity at a very high voltage to reduce wasteful energy transfers in cables.

42
Q

Describe the wasteful transfer of electrify in the national grid

A
  1. There are wasteful transfers of electricity as it is generated and transmitted to the consumer
  2. Wasteful energy transfers in transmission are mush smaller than those in the power station
43
Q

Name the energy sources that can produce a lot of energy

A

Fossil fuels, nuclear, hydroelectricity, biofuels

44
Q

Name the energy sources that rely on the right sort of weather

A

Wind, waves, solar,

45
Q

Name the energy sources that do not produce greenhouse gases

A

Nuclear power, wind, waves, solar, geothermal

46
Q

Which energy sources have environmental impacts

A
  1. Fossil fuels produce greenhouse gases; extracting them is dangerous and a pollution risk
  2. Nuclear power creates radioactive waste
  3. Wind games can cause noise and visual pollution
  4. Hydroelectric and tidal dams flood large areas
47
Q

Which energy sources will eventually run out

A

Fossil fuel and nuclear power

48
Q

Which energy sources are free

A

Wind, hydroelectric, tidal, solar, geothermal

49
Q

What should you consider when choosing an energy source

A
  1. It’s impact on the environment
  2. The cost of building and running the power station
  3. How much carbon dioxide and other wage products it’s produces
  4. The reliability of the source
  5. The cost of using the energy source
  6. The efficiency of the transfer of energy to electricity
50
Q

What is the power pipit of a power station measured in

A

In millions of watts or megawatts (MW)

51
Q

What is the lifetime of a power station which uses nuclear or fossil fuel and wind farms and hydroelectric power stations

A
  1. A power station which uses nuclear or fossil fuel has a starry output of about 1000 MW and a lifetime of about 40 years
  2. Wind fangs have a power output of 300 MW, although this varies with the weather, and a lifetime of about 20 years
  3. Hydroelectric power stations can have power outputs of about 10 000 MW with lifetimes of about 80 years
52
Q

How are countries and people in it dealing with future energy demand

A
  1. In response to global warming, many countries have agreed to limit their production of carbon dioxide. They can Do this by using less energy for transport, heating and electricity
  2. Vehicles, factories and power stations emit less carbon dioxide if they become less efficient
  3. Switching of appliances at home when they aren’t needed reduces energy use
53
Q

Why are global demands for energy likely to rise in the future

A
  1. There will be more people, especially in developing countries
  2. Many of them want the high-energy lifestyle of industrialised countries
54
Q

What does a secure supply in the future require us to do

A
  1. Generate enough electricity to avoid power cuts
  2. Have constant access to energy sources
  3. Replace old power with more efficient ones
  4. Use a mix of renewable energy sources
    5 use more renewable energy sources as fossil fuels run out

Physics 1, 2 + 3 (3 decks)

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